三穗县高标准农田水稻油菜生育期气象条件及气象灾害分析

Analysis of Meteorological Conditions and Meteorological Disasters during the Growth Stages of Rice and Rapeseed in High-Standard Farmland in Sansui County

摘要: 为助力三穗县农业现代化发展与气象为农服务优化，基于三穗县国家基准气象站1978~2020年气象观测资料及1991~2020年气候标准年统计数据，对当地高标准农田主要作物单季水稻和越冬型油菜的气候适应性、生育期气象条件及气象灾害进行系统分析。结果表明：三穗县为单季稻种植气候中适宜区，油菜种植气候较适宜区，两者均存在日照时数偏低的问题，且油菜开花期至成熟期气温略低于最适温度；水稻和油菜生育期热量、降水条件总体满足生长需求，但光照不足对高产稳产构成不利影响；主要气象灾害包括干旱、暴雨、大风、高温、低温阴雨寡照(秋绵雨)和冰雹，其中干旱、低温阴雨寡照(秋绵雨)致灾风险较高，其余灾害风险存在作物间差异。本研究结果可为三穗县水稻、油菜的品种选择、种植方式改良及气象灾害精准防控提供科学依据，也为针对性开展气象为农服务提供参考。

Abstract: To support the modernization of agriculture in Sansui County and the optimization of meteorological services for agriculture, this study conducted a systematic analysis of the climate adaptability, meteorological conditions during the growing season, and meteorological hazards for the main crops in the county’s high-standard farmland-single-season rice and winter rapeseed-based on meteorological observation data from the Sansui County National Reference Meteorological Station (1978~2020) and statistical data from climate reference years (1991~2020). The results indicate that Sansui County is a suitable area for single-season rice cultivation and a relatively suitable area for rapeseed cultivation. However, both crops face the issue of insufficient sunshine hours, and temperatures during the flowering to maturity stage of rapeseed are slightly below the optimal range; The heat units and precipitation during the growth periods of both rice and rapeseed generally meet their growth requirements; however, insufficient sunlight adversely affects high and stable yields. Major meteorological disasters include drought, heavy rain, strong winds, high temperatures, low temperatures with overcast skies and low sunlight (autumn drizzles), and hail. Among these, drought and low temperatures with overcast skies and low sunlight (autumn drizzles) pose a higher risk of causing damage, while the risks associated with other disasters vary between crops. The findings of this study provide a scientific basis for variety selection, cultivation method improvements, and the precise prevention and control of meteorological disasters for rice and rapeseed in Sansui County, and also serve as a reference for the targeted provision of meteorological services to agriculture.