数字资本主义批判视域下科学社会主义理论的范式创新与实践路径

Paradigm Innovation and Practical Path of Scientific Socialism Theory from the Critical Perspective of Digital Capitalism

摘要: 数字资本主义并非数字技术对既有资本主义的外部附加，而是数据算法和平台被系统纳入资本增殖过程后形成的资本积累形态与权力结构。现有国际研究分别从平台商业模式、行为剩余攫取、数字劳动、数据殖民和传播政治等路径揭示其运行机制，但对这些机制如何在生产关系层面形成统一结构，以及科学社会主义理论据此需要更新哪些分析命题仍缺乏系统论证。本文以马克思主义政治经济学批判为方法论基础，将“范式创新”界定为在坚持历史唯物主义、剩余价值学说和人的解放旨趣的前提下，对研究对象、核心范畴、解释链条和制度命题进行结构性更新，将“数字劳动”限定为被数字平台组织、计量、控制并纳入价值实现或资本增殖过程的有偿与无偿活动，再将“数据要素产权”理解为围绕数据持有、加工使用、产品经营及收益分配形成的结构性权利束，而非传统物权意义上的绝对所有权。基于上述界定，文章分析数字资本主义的技术基座、权力结构与剥削机制，提出科学社会主义需要把数据控制权算法权力和平台基础设施纳入生产关系分析，并在公共服务、数据制度和劳动权益领域形成与数字生产力相适应的制度回应。

Abstract: Digital capitalism is not an external appendage imposed by digital technologies upon existing capitalism. Instead, it represents a form of capital accumulation and power structure shaped when data, algorithms and platforms are systematically incorporated into the process of capital valorisation. Existing international scholarship has unveiled its operational mechanisms from perspectives including platform business models, the extraction of behavioural surplus, digital labour, data colonialism and political communication. Nevertheless, there remains a lack of systematic demonstration regarding how these mechanisms constitute a unified structure at the level of relations of production, as well as which analytical propositions of scientific socialism need to be updated accordingly. Adopting the critique of Marxist political economy as its methodological foundation, this paper defines “paradigm innovation” as the structural renovation of research objects, core categories, explanatory chains and institutional propositions on the premise of adhering to historical materialism, the theory of surplus‑value and the goal of human emancipation. It delimits “digital labour” as paid and unpaid activities organised, measured and controlled by digital platforms and incorporated into value realisation or capital valorisation processes. Furthermore, it interprets “data-factor property rights” as a structural bundle of rights formed around data possession, processing and utilisation, product operation and income distribution, rather than absolute ownership in the sense of traditional property rights. On the basis of the above definitions, this paper analyses the technological bedrock, power structure and exploitative mechanisms of digital capitalism. It proposes that scientific socialism ought to bring data control rights, algorithmic power and platform infrastructure into the analysis of relations of production, and formulate institutional responses compatible with digital productive forces in the spheres of public services, data regimes and labour‑rights protection.