外用防脱育发类活性成分与纳米载体在洗护发产品中的创新应用

Innovative Applications of Topical Anti-Hair Loss and Hair Growth Active Ingredients and Nanocarriers in Hair Care Products

摘要: 脱发已成为影响全球数亿人身心健康的问题，其中雄激素性脱发(AGA)是最常见的类型。目前经药监部门批准的外用防脱发活性成分局限于米诺地尔、亚美尼斯(Aminexil)等少数几种药物，其溶解度低、经皮渗透差、毛囊靶向性不足及长期使用依从性欠佳，治疗效果存在明显局限。近年来，植物源活性成分因多靶点作用和低副作用而受到广泛关注，但其透皮性能同样面临挑战。纳米递送技术的快速发展为解决上述问题提供了新的策略。脂质纳米载体(固体脂质纳米粒、纳米结构脂质载体)、介孔二氧化硅纳米粒、聚合物纳米粒、纳米脂质体及纳米微乳等系统，通过独特的物理化学性质实现了活性成分的毛囊靶向递送、缓释控释和透皮效率提升。本文系统综述了现有外用防脱育发活性成分的分类与作用机制，深入解析各类纳米载体在经皮递送中的优势及其在洗护发产品中的转化应用现状，并在此基础上展望了该领域未来的研发方向。

Abstract: Hair loss has become a global issue affecting the physical and mental health of hundreds of millions of people, among which androgenetic alopecia (AGA) is the most common type. At present, the topical anti-hair loss active ingredients approved by drug regulatory authorities are limited to a small number of drugs such as minoxidil and aminexil. These ingredients suffer from low solubility, poor transdermal penetration, insufficient hair follicle targeting, and unsatisfactory long-term use compliance, leading to obvious limitations in therapeutic efficacy. In recent years, plant-derived active ingredients have attracted extensive attention due to their multi-target effects and low side effects, but they also face challenges in transdermal permeability. The rapid development of nanodelivery technologies has provided new strategies to solve the above problems. Lipid nanocarriers (solid lipid nanoparticles, nanostructured lipid carriers), mesoporous silica nanoparticles, polymeric nanoparticles, nanoliposomes, nanoemulsions and other systems have achieved hair follicle-targeted delivery, sustained and controlled release, and improved transdermal efficiency of active ingredients through their unique physicochemical properties. This paper systematically reviews the classification and mechanism of action of existing topical anti-hair loss and hair growth active ingredients, deeply analyzes the advantages of various nanocarriers in transdermal delivery and the current status of their translational applications in hair care products, and prospects the future research and development directions in this field on this basis.