人口老龄化背景下农村养老保障问题及对策研究

Research on the Problems and Countermeasures of Rural Old-Age Security under the Background of Population Aging

摘要: 人口老龄化是我国现代化进程中面临的长期性、结构性挑战，其中农村地区老龄化程度更深、养老保障基础更薄弱，已成为积极应对人口老龄化国家战略的重点与难点。我国农村人口老龄化呈现出“城乡倒置、未富先老、增速加快”的典型特征，传统以家庭养老为核心的保障模式持续弱化，土地养老效能不断衰退，社会养老保险与养老服务供给难以匹配日益增长的养老需求。本研究试图在福利多元主义理论框架下，审视政府、市场、社区(集体)、家庭等多元主体在养老保障供给中的角色与协同关系。本文系统梳理我国农村养老保障的发展现状，深入剖析当前农村养老面临的家庭功能弱化、制度供给不足、服务资源短缺等多重困境，并结合对不同类型农村的区域差异性分析，最终在明确多元主体责任边界的基础上，强化家庭养老基础、盘活土地保障资源等五个维度提出优化路径，旨在构建政府主导、家庭尽责、社会参与、市场补充的多层次农村养老保障体系，助力实现农村老年人“老有所养、老有所依、老有所乐”的发展目标。

Abstract: Population aging is a long-term, structural challenge facing China’s modernization process. Rural areas, characterized by a deeper degree of aging and a weaker foundation of old-age security, have become the key focus and most difficult aspect of the national strategy to actively respond to population aging. Rural population aging in China exhibits the typical features of “urban-rural inversion, aging before affluence, and accelerating growth.” The traditional family-based old-age support model continues to weaken, the security function of land-based support is declining, and the supply of social old-age insurance and elderly care services fails to match the growing demand. Under the theoretical framework of welfare pluralism, this study examines the roles and synergistic relationships of multiple actors—including the government, the market, the community (collective), and the family—in the provision of old-age security. This paper systematically reviews the current state of rural old-age security in China, deeply analyzes the multiple dilemmas facing rural elderly care, such as the weakening of family functions, insufficient institutional supply, and scarce service resources. Combined with a regional comparative analysis of different types of rural areas, it ultimately proposes optimization pathways from five dimensions: clarifying the responsibility boundaries of multiple actors, strengthening the foundation of family-based care, and revitalizing land security resources, among others. The aim is to build a multi-level rural old-age security system featuring government leadership, family responsibility, social participation, and market supplementation, thereby helping to achieve the development goals of ensuring that rural older adults are “adequately provided for, supported, and fulfilled in their later years.”