社会风险视角下突发公共卫生事件治理困境与优化路径研究

Research on Governance Dilemmas and Optimization Paths of Public Health Emergencies from the Perspective of Social Risks

摘要: 突发公共卫生事件具有传染链条隐蔽、传播速度快、风险外溢强、社会影响广等特点，会对医疗卫生体系造成冲击，也会引起公众信任波动、网络舆情扩散等复合型社会风险。从社会风险角度来说，突发公共卫生事件不是单一的医学事件，它是由公共卫生风险、基层治理风险、信息传播风险、社会心理风险等多种风险因素交织而成的综合治理问题。本文立足公共管理学科，以社会风险理论为分析框架，从突发公共卫生事件风险表征、治理困境、优化路径三个方面展开分析，经过研究发现，当前的治理存在着监测预警前移不到位、部门协作不畅、信息公开和风险沟通专业化程度不高、基层韧性及社会动员能力不足等问题。因此，要从完善监测预警体系、加强条块协同机制、提高风险沟通能力、改进舆情治理流程、增强基层公共卫生韧性等各方面来推进治理体系的完善。

Abstract: Public health emergencies are characterized by concealed transmission chains, rapid spread, strong risk spillover and extensive social impacts. They will not only shock the medical and health system, but also trigger compound social risks such as fluctuations in public trust and the spread of online public opinion. From the perspective of social risks, public health emergencies are not merely medical incidents. Instead, they represent comprehensive governance issues intertwined with multiple risk factors, including public health risks, grassroots governance risks, information communication risks and social psychological risks. Based on the discipline of public administration and adopting social risk theory as the analytical framework, this paper conducts an analysis from three dimensions: risk characteristics, governance dilemmas and optimization paths of public health emergencies. The study finds that the current governance system suffers from inadequate advance of monitoring and early warning, poor inter-departmental coordination, low professionalism in information disclosure and risk communication, as well as insufficient grassroots resilience and social mobilization capacity. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the governance system by perfecting the monitoring and early warning system, strengthening the vertical and horizontal coordination mechanism, enhancing risk communication capacity, optimizing public opinion governance procedures, and boosting grassroots public health resilience.