水环境中新污染物赋存特征、处理技术与管控对策探究

Study on Occurrence Characteristics, Treatment Technologies and Control Countermeasures of Emerging Contaminants in Aquatic Environment

摘要: 随着化工产业快速发展，药品及个人护理品、全氟多氟烷基物质、内分泌干扰物、抗生素、微塑料等新污染物在各类水体中频繁检出。新污染物具有环境持久性、生物累积性、低浓度高毒性特征，常规污水处理工艺难以完全去除，对水生生态系统与人体健康构成潜在威胁。本文综述水中典型新污染物的主要类别、来源途径、环境赋存与迁移转化特征，讨论污泥介质中新污染物赋存、次生风险与资源化处置瓶颈，汇总不同水处理工艺的定量去除效率，梳理我国新污染物治理政策体系，剖析政策–技术–市场三者之间的协同与脱节矛盾，分析当前监测、处理、管控环节存在的瓶颈，提出更加具体、可落地的未来研究方向，为流域水环境新污染物风险防控、污染治理提供理论参考。

Abstract: With the rapid development of chemical industry, emerging contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and personal care products, per- and poly-fluoroalkyl substances, endocrine-disrupting chemicals, antibiotics and microplastics, are frequently detected in various water bodies. Characterized by environmental persistence, bioaccumulation and high toxicity at low concentrations, emerging contaminants cannot be completely removed by conventional wastewater treatment processes, posing potential threats to aquatic ecosystem and human health. This paper reviews the main categories, source pathways, environmental occurrence and migration-transformation characteristics of typical aquatic emerging contaminants, discusses the occurrence, secondary risks and bottlenecks of resource utilization of emerging contaminants in sludge medium, summarizes the quantitative removal efficiencies of different water treatment technologies, sorts out China’s policy system for emerging pollutant control, analyzes the synergy and disconnection among policy-technology-market, identifies the bottlenecks in monitoring, treatment and management, and puts forward targeted and practical future research directions. It can provide theoretical references for risk prevention and pollution control of emerging contaminants in watershed water environment.