论《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中“对象性”的四重维度

The Four Dimensions of “Objectivity” in the “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844”

摘要: “对象性”构成了贯穿《1844手稿》的关键概念之一，而且正是在《1844手稿》中，马克思将“对象性”概念突破德国古典哲学的唯心主义传统，赋予其感性和现实活动的内涵，并在此意义上将作为对象性存在的人推进到人道主义与自然主义、个体与类相统一的现实存在，为后续唯物史观的创立打下了重要的哲学基础。以往学界谈及《1844手稿》的对象性问题，往往将其等同于作为人类本质实现的对象性的实践活动，这不仅片面化了对马克思“对象性”概念的理解，更不利于将马克思《1844手稿》中关于资本主义异化批判及其扬弃的整个思想理路贯穿为统一的整体。纵观整个《1844手稿》，“对象性”这一概念具有“实践”“精神”“社会”“存在”四个维度的内涵。以“对象性”概念之多重内涵为线索，可以构建一个全新的对《1844手稿》进行整体性理解的框架。

Abstract: The concept of “objectivity” (Gegenständlichkeit), constitutes one of the key concepts running through the “Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844” (hereafter “EPM”). It is precisely in the “EPM” that Marx broke through the tradition of immanence of consciousness in German classical philosophy, endowed the concept with connotations of sensuousness and practical activity, and thereby advanced the human being as an objective existence to a real being that unites humanism and naturalism, the individual and the species, laying an important philosophical foundation for the subsequent establishment of the materialist conception of history. Previous academic discussions on the issue of objectivity in the “EPM” often equated it with objective practical activity as the realization of the human essence, which not only offered a one-sided understanding of Marx’s concept of “objectivity” but also hindered a unified grasp of the entire line of thought in Marx’s “EPM” concerning the critique of capitalist alienation and its supersession. Throughout the “EPM”, the concept of “objectivity” possesses connotations across four dimensions: “practice,” “spirit,” “society,” and “being.” Taking the multiple connotations of the concept of “objectivity” as a clue, a new framework for a holistic understanding of the “EPM” can be constructed.