从Vernunft到Ration：甘斯和马克思对黑格尔法哲学的隐性、显性反转

From Vernunft to Ration: The Implicit and Explicit Reversal of Hegel’s Philosophy of Right by Eduard Gans and Marx

摘要: 从黑格尔法哲学到马克思唯物主义，Vernunft与Ration (两个概念的常见中译皆为“理性”、“合理性”等)这一对概念在爱德华·甘斯和马克思的哲学中分别实现了隐性、显性反转。通过引入黑格尔弟子兼马克思法学老师的爱德华·甘斯作为“隐藏中介”，表现在甘斯的哲学改革和马克思的哲学突破中的“理性”观反转得以揭示：甘斯通过对黑格尔法哲学中核心概念“法”进行功能化和现实化的处理，实现了“隐性反转”，为传统理性(Vernunft)融入了代表立法与自由主义的理性(Ration)；马克思通过批判黑格尔法哲学中辩证法的神秘性与保守性，用基于经验理性(Ration)的辩证法取代了传统理性(Vernunft)的辩证法，实现了“显性反转”。这一对理性概念的反转与重构，是马克思超越黑格尔，从法哲学走向政治经济学和历史唯物主义的关键步骤，而甘斯在其中扮演了不可或缺的预备性和启发性角色。

Abstract: From Hegel’s philosophy of right to Marx’s materialism, the pair of concepts Vernunft and Ration (both commonly rendered in Chinese as “reason” or “rationality”) underwent an implicit reversal in the philosophy of Eduard Gans and an explicit reversal in that of Marx. By introducing Eduard Gans—Hegel’s direct disciple and Marx’s teacher of law—as a “hidden intermediary,” the transformation of the concept of reason in Gans’s philosophical reform and Marx’s philosophical revolution is brought to light: Gans effected an “implicit reversal” by functionalizing and actualizing the core concept of “right” in Hegel’s philosophy of right, thereby incorporating into traditional reason (Vernunft) a reason (Ration) representing legislation and liberalism. Marx, by criticizing the mysticism and conservatism of the dialectic in Hegel’s philosophy of right, replaced the dialectic of traditional reason (Vernunft) with a dialectic based on empirical reason (Ration), thus achieving an “explicit reversal.” This reversal and reconstruction of the two concepts of reason constitutes a crucial step by which Marx transcended Hegel and moved from philosophy of right to political economy and historical materialism, with Gans playing an indispensable preparatory and heuristic role in this process.