从“二分”到“总体”：马克思生产力理论的体系化建构——基于唯物史观视域的综合考察

From “Dichotomy” to “Totality”: The Systematic Construction of Marx’s Theory of Productive Forces—A Comprehensive Investigation from the Perspective of Historical Materialism

摘要: 马克思的生产力理论构成唯物史观的理论基石，然而学界对生产力范畴的理解长期侧重于物质性维度，致使精神生产力维度在一定程度上被遮蔽，生产力与生产关系的辩证关系亦存在被简化为单向决定论阐释的倾向。本文基于马克思经典文本的系统梳理，尝试提出马克思生产力理论本质上是一个“物质–精神–社会”三位一体的总体性范畴：物质生产力构成其物质技术基础，精神生产力提供其智力动能与价值意涵，社会生产力则是二者在生产关系中介下的现实综合形态。三者并非简单的并列关系，而是在劳动主体性的贯穿下，经由生产力与生产关系的矛盾运动，形成一个动态展开的有机整体。这一总体性理解或可为克服传统阐释提供另一种理论路径，也为完整把握马克思生产力理论的丰富内涵提供一种可供参考的学理框架。

Abstract: Marx’s theory of productive forces constitutes the theoretical cornerstone of historical materialism. However, scholarly understanding of the category of productive forces has long been oriented predominantly toward its material dimension, thereby obscuring, to a certain extent, the dimension of spiritual productive forces; moreover, the dialectical relationship between productive forces and relations of production has tended to be reduced to a one-sided deterministic explanation. Through a systematic examination of Marx’s classical texts, this paper proposes that Marx’s theory of productive forces is essentially a triadic totality of the material, the spiritual, and the social: material productive forces constitute its material-technological base, spiritual productive forces provide its intellectual impetus and value connotations, and social productive forces represent the real synthetic form of the first two as mediated by the relations of production. These three are not merely juxtaposed; rather, permeated by the subjectivity of labor and driven by the contradictory movement between productive forces and relations of production, they form a dynamically unfolding organic whole. This holistic understanding may offer an alternative theoretical approach to transcending conventional interpretations, and may also provide a theoretical framework that can serve as a reference for a more comprehensive grasp of the rich connotations of Marx’s theory of productive forces.