校园周边淡水食物链微塑料富集传递特征及其环境教育应用研究

Characteristics of Microplastics Enrichment and Transfer in Freshwater Food Chain around Campus and Its Application in Environmental Education

摘要: 微塑料作为淡水生态系统中备受关注的新兴污染物，其沿食物链的迁移行为兼具环境科学意义与社会教育价值。本文以校园周边淡水环境为研究场景，基于现有文献数据与前期监测成果，梳理了淡水生态系统中微塑料的分布特征、营养级传递规律及亚致死生态效应，并重点探讨如何将上述科研成果转化为中学环境教育的探究性课程资源。分析表明，淡水环境中微塑料以PE、PP和PET为主，粒径 < 50 μm的颗粒约占60%，在近岸、缓流区和沉积区更易富集；校园周边河流中枝角类、螺类和小型鱼类的文献报道平均富集量(干重)分别为0.6 ± 0.15 particles/ind、1.2 ± 0.25 particles/ind和1.6 ± 0.30 particles/g，呈现出随营养级升高而累积浓度上升的趋势。微塑料暴露可导致淡水鱼类体长增长率下降约18%，肝脏抗氧化酶活性升高约25%，反映出明显的亚致死胁迫效应。在此基础上，本文设计了以“采样监测–显微鉴定–数据分析–行动倡议”为主线的中学环境教育课程模块，旨在通过真实科研数据的教学转化，提升青少年对微塑料污染认知、生态风险判断与减塑行动参与的综合素养。

Abstract: As a new pollutant in freshwater ecosystem, microplastics’ migration along the food chain has both environmental scientific significance and social education value. Taking the freshwater environment around campus as the research scene, based on the existing literature data and previous monitoring results, this paper combs the distribution characteristics, trophic level transfer law and sublethal ecological effect of microplastics in freshwater ecosystem, and focuses on how to transform the above scientific research results into inquiry curriculum resources for environmental education in middle schools. The analysis shows that microplastics are mainly composed of PE, PP and PET in fresh water environment, and the particles with particle size less than 50 μm account for about 60%, which are easier to be enriched in nearshore, slow flow area and sedimentary area. The average enrichment (dry weight) of cladocera, snails and small fishes in the rivers around the campus were 0.6 ± 0.15 particles/ind, 1.2 ± 0.25 particles/ind and 1.6 ± 0.30 particles/g, respectively, showing an upward trend with the increase of trophic level. Microplastics exposure can reduce the growth rate of freshwater fish body length by about 18% and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes in the liver by about 25%, reflecting the obvious sublethal stress effect. On this basis, this paper designs a middle school environmental education curriculum module with “sampling monitoring-microscopic identification-data analysis-action initiative” as the main line, aiming at improving teenagers’ comprehensive literacy of microplastics pollution cognition, ecological risk judgment and plastic reduction action through the teaching transformation of real scientific research data.