典型城市家庭养老床位政策的比较研究——以南京、上海、北京为例

A Comparative Study on Bed Policies for the Aged in Typical Urban Families—Taking Nanjing, Shanghai and Beijing as Examples

摘要: 为应对养老机构床位不足与居家照护不专业的现实困境，在中央的统一部署和政策指导下，各地纷纷启动家庭养老床位试点探索，出台相关政策。本研究基于政策工具理论，采用比较研究法与案例分析法，选取南京、上海、北京三个典型城市，从服务对象准入、服务内容供给、补贴激励机制及服务机构资质四个核心维度，对三地家庭养老床位政策进行系统解构与比较分析。研究发现，三地在服务对象定位、服务内容供给以及补贴激励机制等方面呈现出不同的特征，但也面临着服务供需错配、专业人才匮乏、补贴核算机制流于形式以及政策制度衔接梗阻等共性挑战。在此基础上，提出了精准识别老年人真实需求、健全职业保障与激励机制、深化动态服务质量监测以及破除跨部门行政壁垒的对策。

Abstract: In order to cope with the realistic dilemma of insufficient beds in old-age care institutions and unprofessional home care, under the unified deployment and policy guidance of the central government, various localities have started pilot exploration of family old-age beds and issued relevant policies. Based on the theory of policy tools, this study adopts comparative research method and case analysis method, selects three typical cities of Nanjing, Shanghai and Beijing, and systematically deconstructs and compares the policies of family old-age beds in the three cities from four core dimensions: service object access, service content supply, subsidy incentive mechanism and service organization qualification. The study finds that the three places have different characteristics in service object positioning, service content supply and subsidy incentive mechanism, but they also face common challenges such as mismatch of service supply and demand, shortage of professionals, flow of subsidy accounting mechanism and obstruction of policy system connection. On this basis, the paper puts forward some countermeasures such as accurately identifying the real needs of the elderly, perfecting the occupational security and incentive mechanism, deepening the dynamic service quality monitoring and breaking down the cross-department administrative barriers.