大卫·哈维时空修复理论视域下的当代资本主义去工业化与再工业化

Contemporary Capitalism’s Deindustrialization and Reindustrialization from the Perspective of David Harvey’s Theory of Spatio-Temporal Fix

摘要: 自20世纪70年代以来的去工业化进程与21世纪以来的再工业化战略，构成了当代发达资本主义国家产业地理变迁的一幅完整图景。在马克思资本主义危机理论的总体脉络中审视大卫·哈维的“时空修复”理论，可以发现去工业化是资本应对过度积累危机的一次大规模空间修复，通过制造业的地理转移、金融化的时间延迟以及全球生产空间的重组，暂时缓解了发达资本主义国家国内资本过剩与利润率下降的压力。然而，空间修复具有内在的暂时性与矛盾性：它既在特定时期内解决了旧有空间中的积累困境，又在新的空间中再生产出危机条件，并造成发达资本主义国家本土制造业空心化、就业流失与区域衰退等结构性后果。21世纪以来的再工业化战略，本质上是在旧有空间修复效力耗尽之后启动的新一轮时空“再修复”，资本试图通过关税壁垒、产业补贴与基础设施投资等手段，将制造业“拉回”本土。然而，这一“再修复”面临着利润率规律的刚性约束、海外固定资本的锁定效应、金融资本的结构性抵制以及国家财政的空间收缩等多重障碍，其成效难以超越时空修复本身固有的局限性。去工业化与再工业化的交替并非产业政策的简单摇摆，而是资本主义内在矛盾在空间维度上的周期性表达。每一次空间修复都只是危机的转移与延迟，而非根本性的消除。

Abstract: The process of deindustrialization since the 1970s and the strategy of reindustrialization since the 21st century have formed a complete picture of the industrial geographical changes in contemporary developed capitalist countries. In the overall context of Marx’s crisis theory of capitalism, examining David Harvey’s theory of “spatio-temporal fix”, it can be found that deindustrialization is a large-scale spatial repair of capital to cope with the crisis of excessive accumulation. Through the geographical transfer of manufacturing, the delay of financialization, and the restructuring of global production space, it temporarily alleviates the pressure of domestic capital surplus and declining profit margins in developed capitalist countries. However, spatial restoration has inherent temporality and contradictions: it not only solves the accumulation dilemma in the old space during a specific period, but also regenerates crisis conditions in the new space, causing structural consequences such as hollowing out of local manufacturing industries, employment loss, and regional decline in developed capitalist countries. The reindustrialization strategy since the 21st century is essentially a new round of spatiotemporal “re repair” launched after the effectiveness of the old space repair has been exhausted. Capital attempts to “bring” the manufacturing industry back to the local market through measures such as tariff barriers, industrial subsidies, and infrastructure investment. However, this “re repair” faces multiple obstacles such as rigid constraints of profit margin laws, lock-in effects of overseas fixed capital, structural resistance of financial capital, and spatial contraction of national finance. Its effectiveness is difficult to surpass the inherent limitations of spatio-temporal fix itself. The alternation between deindustrialization and reindustrialization is not a simple swing of industrial policies, but a cyclical expression of the inherent contradictions of capitalism in the spatial dimension. Every spatial restoration is only a transfer and delay of crisis, rather than a fundamental elimination.