马克思辩证否定观的理论内涵与哲学批判意义

The Theoretical Implications and Philosophical Critical Significance of Marx’s Concept of Dialectical Negation

摘要: 辩证否定是马克思唯物辩证法中贯通存在论、历史观和方法论的核心范畴。它既不是对既有事物的外在摧毁，也不是抽象观念自我运动的逻辑演绎，而是现实矛盾在实践活动中推动事物更新、转化和发展的具体机制。本文以否定性原则为线索，考察辩证否定在辩证法理论谱系中的理论定位，梳理其由黑格尔否定之否定向马克思唯物主义的概念转化，并从自我否定、发展与联系、扬弃三个维度阐释其内在规定性。在此基础上，文章论证辩证否定对抽象同一性、直观本体论的批判超越，揭示其作为唯物辩证法方法论内核的理论奠基作用。辩证否定要求在具体历史条件中把握矛盾、在继承与创新的统一中推进实践，为理解社会制度变迁、文化发展和人的自我解放提供了具有解释力的哲学框架。

Abstract: Dialectical negation is a central category within Marx’s materialist dialectics that integrates ontology, the view of history, and methodology. It is neither an external destruction of existing entities nor a logical deduction arising from the self-movement of abstract concepts; rather, it represents a concrete mechanism through which real-world contradictions drive the renewal, transformation, and development of things within practical activities. Using the principle of negation as a thread, this article examines the theoretical position of dialectical negation within the theoretical spectrum of dialectics, traces its conceptual transformation—from Hegel’s notion of “negation of negation” to Marx’s practical materialism—and elucidates its intrinsic nature from three dimensions: self-negation, development and interconnection, and sublation. Building on this analysis, the article argues that dialectical negation constitutes a critical transcendence over metaphysical abstract identity and the intuitive ontology characteristic of old materialism, revealing its role as the theoretical foundation for the methodology of materialist dialectics. Dialectical negation requires grasping contradictions within specific historical conditions and advancing practice through the unity of inheritance and innovation; it thus provides an explanatory philosophical framework for understanding social institutional change, cultural development, and human self-liberation.