马克思对资本主义规范原则内在矛盾的批判研究——基于《资本论》的阐释

Marx’s Critique of the Inherent Contradictions of Capitalist Normative Principles—An Interpretation Based on Das Kapital

摘要: 资本主义社会以自由、平等和权利等规范原则确立其制度的正当性，但这些原则与资本支配、雇佣劳动和生产资料私有制之间存在内在矛盾。马克思对资本主义正义问题的批判，应当从资本主义规范原则自身的矛盾中加以把握。本文围绕自由价值与资本支配、平等价值与雇佣劳动、权利原则与私有制之间的矛盾关系，分析生产资料私有制、劳动力商品化和资本增殖需要对资本主义规范原则的现实规定，揭示其内在矛盾的社会根源。在此基础上，考察马克思如何立足现实社会关系揭示自由平等原则背后的资本支配，并说明资本主义规范原则如何在现实社会关系中走向否定。本文认为，马克思对资本主义规范原则的批判，改变了正义问题的思考方式，说明了自由、平等和权利所具有的特定社会内容及其历史限度。

Abstract: Capitalist societies establish the legitimacy of their institutional frameworks through normative principles such as freedom, equality, and rights; however, these principles harbor inherent contradictions with capital domination, wage labor, and private ownership of the means of production. Marx’s critique of justice under capitalism should be understood by examining the internal contradictions inherent to these capitalist normative principles themselves. Focusing on the contradictory relationships between the value of freedom and capital domination, the value of equality and wage labor, and the principle of rights and private ownership of the means of production, this paper analyzes how private ownership of the means of production, the commodification of labor power, and capital accumulation necessitate concrete implementations of capitalist normative principles, thereby revealing the social roots of these inherent contradictions. Building on this foundation, the paper examines how Marx, grounded in the actual social relations of his time, uncovered the underlying capital domination behind the principles of freedom and equality, and demonstrates how these capitalist normative principles ultimately undergo negation within those very social relations. This paper argues that Marx’s critique of capitalist normative principles has transformed the way we approach the question of justice, elucidating the specific social connotations and historical limitations inherent to the concepts of freedom, equality, and rights.