空心村背景下农村留守老人养老困境及社会工作介入路径研究

A Study on the Old-Age Care Dilemmas of Rural Left-Behind Elderly and Social Work Intervention Paths in the Context of Hollowed-Out Villages

摘要: 城镇化快速推进导致农村空心化加剧，留守老人养老问题已成为乡村振兴进程中亟待破解的核心民生议题。本文以社会支持理论为分析框架，立足我国农村专业社工人才供给不足的现实约束，深入剖析空心村留守老人社会支持网络的断裂逻辑与互动机制。研究发现，空心村留守老人的社会支持网络呈现系统性脆弱特征：家庭支持断裂、邻里互助萎缩、正式支持缺位形成连锁传导效应，情感、工具、信息、评价四类支持相互作用并共同恶化。基于支持网络的互动替代逻辑，本文提出适配本土人才条件的三级社会工作介入路径：微观层面以个案管理打通正式资源落地链路、修复家庭支持功能；中观层面以小组工作激活邻里互助网络、构建家庭支持替代防线；宏观层面以社区营造整合多元资源、建立多主体联动机制。社会工作介入的核心在于以轻量化模式激活和重构留守老人的社会支持网络，实现从被动受助到互助共助的转变。

Abstract: The rapid advancement of urbanization has intensified rural hollowing-out, and the old-age care problem of rural left-behind elderly has become a core livelihood issue to be solved in the process of rural revitalization. Taking social support theory as the analytical framework and based on the realistic constraint of insufficient supply of professional social workers in rural China, this paper deeply analyzes the fracture logic and interaction mechanism of the social support network of left-behind elderly in hollowed-out villages. The study finds that the social support networks of left-behind elderly in hollowed-out villages exhibit systemic vulnerability: the fracture of family support, the atrophy of neighborhood mutual aid, and the absence of formal support form a chain conduction effect, and the four types of support (emotional, instrumental, informational, and appraisal) interact and deteriorate together. Based on the interaction and substitution logic of support networks, this paper proposes a three-tiered social work intervention path adapted to local talent conditions: at the micro level, case management is used to open up the landing chain of formal resources and restore family support functions; at the meso level, group work is used to activate the neighborhood mutual aid network and build an alternative line of defense for family support; at the macro level, community building is used to integrate diverse resources and establish a multi-subject linkage mechanism. The core of social work intervention lies in activating and reconstructing the social support networks of left-behind elderly with a lightweight model, thereby realizing the transformation from passive recipients of assistance to active participants in mutual aid and collective support.