从“反馈”到“契约”：中国养老保障制度转型的社会学分析——基于代际关系与福利供给结构变迁的视角

From “Feedback” to “Contract”: A Sociological Analysis of the Transformation of China’s Old-Age Security System—From the Perspective of Inter-Generational Relations and Changes in the Welfare Supply Structure

摘要: 养老保障问题表面呈现为财政收支、基金平衡或服务体系供给等技术性议题，但它的社会学本质乃是特定社会形态下代际关系结构与福利责任分配机制的深层变动。本文以费孝通所提炼的中国家庭代际“反馈模式”为分析起点，将养老保障制度转型理解为：从伦理本位与家本位笼罩下的非正式代际契约，逐步走向国家介入、市场渗透与家庭残余责任并存的“混合福利体制”这一过程，本质上是社会团结形式的再生成。文章依次讨论了：(1) 中国养老的文化–社会根基为何建立在代际互惠而非个体权利之上；(2) 现代化进程中家庭结构小型化、人口流动与女性就业如何瓦解传统照护秩序，使养老从私人领域进入公共议题；(3) 当代养老保障制度在国家–社会–家庭三角关系中面临的责任碎片化与代际公平张力；(4) 照护劳动的社会价值隐匿与性别化分工的制度性延续。本文认为，养老保障的社会学命题不在于“钱够不够”，而在于一个正在个体化的社会中，如何重建代际团结的公共载体。

Abstract: The issue of old-age security appears on the surface as technical topics such as fiscal revenue and expenditure, fund balance, or service system supply. However, its sociological essence lies in the profound changes in the inter-generational relational structure and the welfare responsibility distribution mechanism under a specific social form. Taking Fei Xiaotong’s “feedback model” of inter-generational relations as the starting point, this paper interprets the transformation of the old-age security system as a process from an informal inter-generational contract under the ethical and family-centered order to a “mixed welfare regime” characterized by state intervention, market penetration, and residual family responsibility. This is essentially the reconstruction of social solidarity. The article discusses: (1) Why China’s cultural and social foundation of old-age support is based on inter-generational reciprocity rather than individual rights; (2) how in the process of modernization, family miniaturization, population migration, and female employment have disintegrated the traditional care order, moving old-age support from the private sphere into the public agenda; (3) The responsibility fragmentation and inter-generational equity tensions within the state-society-family triangle; (4) The invisibility of the social value of care labor and the institutional continuation of the gendered division of labor. The paper argues that the sociological proposition of old-age security is not about “whether there is enough money”, but about how to reconstruct the public carrier of inter-generational solidarity in an individualizing society.