人口老龄化下我国农村养老现实困境与优化路径

Practical Dilemmas and Optimization Paths of Rural Elderly Care in China under Population Aging

摘要: 在人口老龄化持续深化、城乡老龄化倒置不断加剧的背景下，我国农村老年人口呈现出规模巨大、增长迅速、家庭空巢化、未富先老等典型特征。受城乡二元体制、养老模式衰退、资金供给单一、公共服务失衡等多重因素叠加影响，农村养老在制度建设、经济保障、运行模式、服务供给等领域陷入多重困境。本文采用文献分析法与数据分析法，结合现有研究成果梳理农村老龄化现实特征，从历史、主体、文化、经济四个维度剖析困境成因，并依托多支柱养老理论、福利多元主义，从制度完善、保障升级、资金多元、服务提质、文化赋能五个维度提出系统性优化路径，以期完善农村养老体系，助力积极应对人口老龄化国家战略与乡村振兴协同推进。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of deepening population aging and intensifying inversion of urban-rural aging, China’s rural elderly population presents typical characteristics including a huge scale, rapid growth, empty-nest families, and “getting old before getting rich”. Affected by the superimposition of multiple factors such as the urban-rural dual system, the decline of elderly care models, single-channel capital supply, and imbalanced public services, rural elderly care has fallen into multiple dilemmas in the fields of system construction, economic security, operation modes and service supply. This paper adopts the literature analysis method and data analysis method, sorts out the realistic features of rural aging based on existing research findings, and analyzes the causes of the dilemmas from four dimensions: history, subject, culture and economy. Grounded in the multi-pillar pension theory and welfare pluralism, it puts forward systematic optimization paths from five dimensions, namely system improvement, security upgrading, diversified funding, service quality enhancement and cultural empowerment, so as to improve the rural elderly care system and promote the coordinated advancement of the national strategy of actively responding to population aging and rural revitalization.