乡村振兴与“十五五”叠加期农村养老服务社会化现实困境及其纾解路径——基于湖北省F村的案例考察

Real Dilemmas and Mitigation Paths for the Socialization of Rural Elderly Care Services during the Overlapping Period of Rural Revitalization and the “15th Five-Year Plan”—A Case Study of Village F, Hubei Province

摘要: 当前我国农村老龄化程度持续加深、家庭养老功能持续弱化、普惠养老供给不足，农村养老服务社会化已从“可选”转向“必需”。本文以湖北省F村为案例，采用实地调研、深度访谈与案例分析方法，依托2026年3~5月为期3个月田野调查一手资料，累计完成村“两委”干部、养老机构运营负责人、护理员、村内老人、乡贤志愿者五类主体共12人次半结构化深度访谈，整理访谈原始文字素材2.4万字，同步采集日间照料中心月度运营台账、服务登记记录表、老年人满意度问卷18份、年度收支明细等量化实证数据，系统考察其“政企协同 + 基层治理驱动”养老服务模式的运行实践，揭示当前农村养老服务社会化面临的专业人才供给不足、资金保障不可持续、服务标准体系缺失、智慧化水平偏低、多元协同机制不畅等突出困境，深刻剖析困境形成的深层原因。在此基础上，从强化人才队伍建设、拓宽资金筹措渠道、健全服务标准规范、推进智慧养老赋能、完善协同治理机制五个维度，提出契合“十五五”时期发展要求的纾解路径，每条路径均锚定F村本土资源禀赋、针对调研发现的具体现实问题设计落地举措，并配套可行性论证，为中西部山区农村养老服务社会化提供经验借鉴与实践参考。

Abstract: China’s rural society is witnessing continuous population aging, declining family elderly care capacity, and inadequate inclusive elderly care provision. Accordingly, the socialization of rural elderly care services has evolved from an optional practice into a fundamental necessity. Taking Village F in the mountainous area of Hubei Province as a case study, this paper adopts fieldwork, in-depth interviews, and case analysis. Based on first-hand field data collected from March to May 2026 the research conducted 12 semi-structured interviews with village cadres, institutional operators, caregivers, elderly residents, and township elites, sorted out 24,000 original interview texts, and collected quantitative data, including monthly operation ledgers, service registration forms, 18 elderly satisfaction questionnaires, and annual revenue and expenditure details. This study systematically examines the operational mechanism of its elderly care model characterized by the “government-enterprise coordination and grassroots governance-driven” approach. This study identifies major practical dilemmas in the socialization of rural elderly care services, including shortages of professional caregivers, unsustainable financial support, the lack of unified service standards, insufficient intelligent transformation, and ineffective multi-stakeholder collaboration, and further explores the root causes of these problems. From five perspectives—talent team cultivation, diversified fund raising, standardized service formulation, smart elderly care upgrading, and collaborative governance improvement—this paper proposes targeted mitigation paths tailored to the development demands of “The 15th Five-Year Plan”. Each countermeasure targets specific practical problems discovered in F Village’s field investigation and demonstrates implementation feasibility combined with local resource endowments. The findings offer empirical insights and practical references for promoting high-quality socialized elderly care services in rural mountainous areas of central and western China.