超支化聚合物的合成、结构特性及多元化应用研究进展

Research Progress on Synthesis, Structural Properties and Diversified Applications of Hyperbranched Polymers

摘要: 超支化聚合物是一类具有三维高度支化结构的高分子材料，分子中含有大量支化点与末端官能团，表现出低黏度、高溶解性和易端基功能化等特点，在多个领域具有良好的应用前景。本文综述超支化聚合物的发展历程及研究进展，对其结构特点与主要性能进行分析，并介绍单体缩聚法、自缩合乙烯基聚合法、开环聚合法等主要合成方法的基本原理、特点及局限性；重点梳理超支化聚合物在生物医学、涂料及水处理领域的应用研究进展。现有研究表明，超支化聚合物仍存在部分合成工艺条件复杂、成本较高、机械性能不足及部分方法单体选择受限等问题。未来可围绕绿色低成本合成、结构与性能优化、新应用领域拓展及多组分复合体系构建等方向开展深入研究，以进一步推动超支化聚合物的功能化发展与工业化应用。

Abstract: Hyperbranched polymers constitute a class of macromolecular materials characterized by three-dimensional, highly branched architectures, incorporating numerous branching points and terminal functional groups within their molecular structures. These materials exhibit low viscosity, high solubility, and facile end-group functionalization, demonstrating promising application prospects across multiple fields. This paper reviews the developmental history and research progress of hyperbranched polymers, analyzes their structural characteristics and principal properties, and presents the fundamental principles, features, and limitations of major synthetic methodologies, including monomer polycondensation, self-condensing vinyl polymerization, and ring-opening polymerization. Particular emphasis is placed on recent advances in the application of hyperbranched polymers in biomedical, coating, and water treatment domains. Existing studies indicate that hyperbranched polymers still face challenges such as complex synthesis process conditions, relatively high costs, insufficient mechanical properties, and restricted monomer selection in certain methods. Future research may be directed toward green and low-cost synthesis, structural and performance optimization, expansion into novel application fields, and construction of multi-component composite systems, thereby further advancing the functionalization and industrialization of hyperbranched polymers.