基本养老服务体系的基层创新路径研究——基于河北定州县域养老服务创新试点项目

Research on Grassroots Innovation Pathways of the Basic Elderly Care Service System—Evidence from the County-Level Elderly Care Service Innovation Pilot Project in Dingzhou, Hebei

摘要: 在人口老龄化程度持续加深与基本养老服务体系建设全面推进的背景下，县域既是基本养老服务落地的关键层级，也是检验体系建设成效的基本单元。本文以河北省定州市县域养老服务创新试点为个案，以马斯洛需求层次理论与福利多元主义理论为分析工具，构建“需求分层–主体多元–服务精准”的三维分析框架，系统考察定州依托县乡村三级服务网络、网格化互助机制以及政企、政社、政校协作所形成的基层创新实践，并从技术、运营、人才三个维度剖析其可持续运行面临的现实困境。研究发现，县域基本养老服务体系的有效运转，取决于政府、市场、社会、家庭四类主体在福利供给中的角色清晰与功能耦合，取决于服务供给与老年人多层次需求的精准对接。在此基础上，本文提出资源整合、公建民营、人才与标准建设三条优化路径，并对县域养老服务模式的平衡度、可复制性及其与其他地区实践的差异展开讨论，以期为县域层面基本养老服务体系的完善提供经验参照与理论启示。

Abstract: Against the background of deepening population aging and the construction of the basic elderly care service system, the county is not only a key level for implementing basic elderly care services, but also a basic unit for testing the effectiveness of the system. Taking the county-level elderly care service innovation pilot in Dingzhou, Hebei Province as a case, and drawing on Maslow’s hierarchy of needs and welfare pluralism, this paper constructs a three-dimensional analytical framework of ‘hierarchical needs, pluralistic subjects and precise provision’. It systematically examines the grassroots innovation practices in Dingzhou, which rely on the county-township-village three-level service network, the grid-based mutual-aid mechanism, and government-enterprise, government-society and government-university collaboration, and analyzes the practical dilemmas of sustainable operation from the dimensions of technology, operation and human resources. The study finds that the effective operation of the county-level basic elderly care service system depends on clear roles and functional coupling among the four subjects of government, market, society and family in welfare provision, and on the precise matching between service supply and the multi-level needs of the elderly. On this basis, three optimization paths are proposed, namely resource integration, public construction with private operation, and human-resource and standard development, and the balance, replicability and regional differences of the county model are discussed, so as to provide empirical reference and theoretical insights for improving the basic elderly care service system at the county level.