我国畜禽粪便重金属污染特征、环境风险与防控策略研究进展

Research Review on Pollution Characteristics, Environmental Risks and Control Strategies of Heavy Metals in Livestock and Poultry Manure in China

摘要: 随着我国畜禽养殖业集约化、规模化程度的不断提高，畜禽粪便中重金属污染问题日益凸显，已成为制约农业绿色发展和威胁生态环境安全的重要因素。本文系统综述了我国畜禽粪便重金属污染的研究进展，从污染来源、含量特征、空间分布、环境风险及防控措施等方面进行了全面梳理与分析。研究表明，饲料添加剂是畜禽粪便重金属的主要来源，铜和锌的富集最为显著；不同畜种间重金属含量差异明显，总体呈现猪 > 家禽 > 牛的特征；固态粪肥中重金属富集程度显著高于液态粪肥；区域分布上呈现经济发达养殖密集区高于欠发达地区的特征；铜和镉是粪肥还田利用中风险发生频率最高的重金属元素。本文从源头管控、过程处理和末端监管三个层面提出了综合防控策略，并对未来研究方向进行了展望，以期为我国畜禽粪便重金属污染防治和粪肥安全还田利用提供科学参考。

Abstract: With the continuous improvement of intensification and scale of livestock and poultry breeding in China, the problem of heavy metal pollution in livestock and poultry manure has become increasingly prominent, which has become an important factor restricting the green development of agriculture and threatening the safety of ecological environment. This paper systematically reviews the research progress of heavy metal pollution in livestock and poultry manure in China, and comprehensively combs and analyzes the pollution sources, content characteristics, spatial distribution, environmental risks and control measures. The results show that feed additives are the main source of heavy metals in livestock and poultry manure, and the enrichment of copper and zinc is the most significant. There are obvious differences in heavy metal contents among different livestock species, generally showing the characteristics of pig > poultry > cattle. The enrichment degree of heavy metals in solid manure fertilizer is significantly higher than that in liquid manure fertilizer. The regional distribution shows that the areas with developed economy and intensive breeding are higher than the underdeveloped areas. Copper and cadmium are the heavy metal elements with the highest risk frequency in the application of manure fertilizer to farmland. This paper puts forward comprehensive control strategies from three aspects: source control, process treatment and end supervision, and looks forward to the future research direction, in order to provide scientific reference for the prevention and control of heavy metal pollution in livestock and poultry manure and the safe application of manure fertilizer to farmland in China.