中英动物词“狗”的文化语义及翻译策略研究

A Study on the Cultural Semantics and Translation Strategies of the English-Chinese Animal Word “Dog”

摘要: 动物词汇作为人类语言与文化系统的重要载体，深刻映射出不同民族的生态经验、生存图式与价值取向。在英汉双语体系中，“狗/dog”作为与人类社会关系最为密切的动物之一，虽具有相同的生物学属性，但在长期的历史积淀与文化演进中，沉淀了迥异的认知模型、情感取向与语用价值。英语文化中的“dog”多指向“忠诚、伴侣、坚韧”等正面认知图式，而传统汉语文化中的“狗”则长期承载“卑劣、谄媚、工具性”等贬义隐喻；同时，在全球化与网络文化交织的当代语境中，“狗”这一词汇衍生出具有自嘲特征的新语义。本研究采用文献研究法、对比分析法与案例分析法，以“框架错位”为分析工具，将英汉“狗/dog”文化语义的跨语言冲突划分为完全错位、部分错位与新兴错位，据此构建“框架错位适配模型”，并系统探讨其在成语、俗语、文学作品及日常交际中的翻译路径。该模型表明，文化语义差异是跨文化翻译的核心障碍，译者需根据错位类型与文本类型，超越字面对应，灵活运用语义对等、功能对等、归化、异化、意象替换与释义等翻译策略，以实现跨文化交际中的视界融合与语用等效。

Abstract: Animal vocabulary, as an important carrier of human language and cultural systems, profoundly reflects the ecological experiences, survival patterns, and value orientations of different ethnic groups. In the English-Chinese bilingual system, “dog”, as one of the animals most closely related to human society, shares the same biological attributes, but through long-term historical accumulation and cultural evolution, it has accumulated vastly different cognitive models, emotional orientations, and pragmatic values. In English culture, “dog” often points to positive cognitive patterns such as “loyalty, companionship, and resilience”, while in traditional Chinese culture, “dog” has long carried derogatory metaphors such as “baseness, flattery, and instrumentality”. Furthermore, in the contemporary context of globalization and the intertwining of internet culture, the word “dog” has developed new semantic connotations with self-deprecating characteristics. This study employs literature review, comparative analysis, and case analysis. Using “frame misalignment” as an analytical tool, it categorizes the cross-linguistic conflicts in the cultural semantics of “dog” into complete misalignment, partial misalignment, and emerging misalignment. Based on this, a “Frame Misalignment Adaptation Model” is constructed to systematically explore the translation paths in idioms, proverbs, literary works, and daily communication. The model indicates that cultural semantic differences are the core obstacle to cross-cultural translation. Translators need to consider the type of misalignment and the type of text, go beyond literal correspondence and flexibly use translation strategies such as semantic equivalence, functional equivalence, domestication, foreignization, image substitution, and interpretation in order to achieve horizon fusion and pragmatic equivalence in cross-cultural communication.