智能资本时代的自然异化及其超越——基于马克思《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的研究

The Natural Alienation and Transcendence in the Era of Intelligent Capital—A Study Based on Marx’s “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844”

摘要: 人口出生率持续下降、人工智能加速替代和重组劳动，似乎意味着人类正在告别以人口扩张、工厂生产和资源密集开发为特征的工业时代。然而，人口减速并未自动带来自然压力的消退，人工智能也没有使生产摆脱物质基础。相反，资本借助算法、数据和算力基础设施，把人的生活活动、知识能力和自然条件纳入新的价值增殖过程，劳动异化与自然异化由可见的工厂形态转向更为分布式、隐蔽化和基础设施化的形态。本文首先界定“智能资本”这一核心范畴——它以算法模型、训练与行为数据、算力基础设施及社会共同知识为关键生产资料，并通过与平台资本主义、监控资本主义的辨正，在当代批判理论对话中确立其理论边界。在此基础上，本文以《1844年经济学哲学手稿》为理论原点，阐释自然作为人的“无机身体”、感性对象性活动以及异化劳动的内在关联，分析人工智能时代劳动产品、劳动过程、类本质和社会关系的异化如何转化为新的自然异化。本文认为，生态矛盾的根源不能归结为人口数量或技术本身，而在于生产目的仍由资本增殖所规定。马克思把共产主义理解为对私有财产和异化劳动的积极扬弃，是“完成了的自然主义”和“完成了的人道主义”的统一；这一命题在人工智能时代意味着：使技术、数据和算力摆脱私人增殖逻辑，转化为缩短必要劳动、扩展人的自由能力并维护共同自然条件的社会力量。

Abstract: The continuous decline in birth rates and the acceleration of artificial intelligence in replacing and restructuring labor seem to indicate that humanity is bidding farewell to the industrial era characterized by population expansion, factory production, and resource intensive development. However, the population slowdown has not automatically led to a reduction in natural pressure, and artificial intelligence has not freed production from its material foundation. On the contrary, capital utilizes algorithms, data, and computing power infrastructure to incorporate human life activities, knowledge abilities, and natural conditions into a new process of value appreciation. Labor alienation and natural alienation shift from visible factory forms to more distributed, concealed, and infrastructure based forms. This article first defines the core category of “intelligent capital”, which uses algorithmic models, training and behavioral data, computing infrastructure, and social common knowledge as key means of production, and establishes its theoretical boundaries in contemporary critical theory dialogue by distinguishing it from platform capitalism and surveillance capitalism. On this basis, this article takes the “Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844” as the theoretical starting point to explain the inherent relationship between nature as the “inorganic body” of human beings, sensory objective activities, and alienated labor. It analyzes how the alienation of labor products, labor processes, class essence, and social relationships in the era of artificial intelligence is transformed into a new natural alienation. This article argues that the root of ecological contradictions cannot be attributed to population size or technology itself, but rather to the fact that production purposes are still determined by capital growth. Marx understood communism as the positive abandonment of private property and alienated labor, which is the unity of “completed naturalism” and “completed humanitarianism”; This proposition in the era of artificial intelligence means: freeing technology, data, and computing power from the logic of private proliferation, transforming them into social forces that shorten necessary labor, expand human freedom, and maintain common natural conditions.