认知失调的诱发需要成熟自我概念的卷入吗？——基于动物与婴幼儿研究的证据
Does the Induction of Cognitive Dissonance Require a Mature Self-Concept?—Evidence from Nonhuman Animals and Young Children
摘要: 认知失调是由认知不一致引发的心理不适状态，但其诱发是否需满足其他额外条件尚不明确。基于自我视角的主流失调理论认为，只有不一致威胁重要自我概念时才会使个体产生失调。本文首先总结提炼了自我相关失调理论的主要内容与部分支持证据，然后通过梳理近年相关的动物与婴幼儿研究，阐明该类型被试在自由选择或努力合理化范式中同样能够出现以偏好改变为代表的失调效应。上述研究虽暗示了在功能主义的底层视角下成熟、抽象且高度组织化自我概念的卷入可能并非失调诱发的必要条件，但其并未完全解决由传统范式的方法论缺陷带来的一系列问题；此外，由抽象自我概念与行为之间的不一致诱发的失调可能和由一般的认知元素之间的不一致诱发的失调并非同一类型，此类问题值得在未来研究中进行更深入的探讨。鉴于现有研究多由偏好变化间接推断失调，且研究范式多与行为要素紧密关联，未来应引入预期违背、信念证伪等范式，结合生理与多维行为指标直接检验失调的诱发，同时考察多种失调类型与自我相关认知的关系。
Abstract: Cognitive dissonance is an aversive psychological state elicited by cognitive inconsistency, yet whether its arousal requires additional conditions remains unresolved. Prominent self-based accounts propose that inconsistency produces dissonance only when it threatens important aspects of the self-concept. This review first synthesizes the central propositions of self-based theories and relevant supporting evidence, then examines recent studies involving nonhuman animals, infants, and young children. Research using free-choice and effort-justification paradigms has identified effects consistent with dissonance, particularly changes in preference, in these populations. From a functionalist perspective, these findings suggest that the basic mechanisms underlying dissonance may operate without the involvement of a mature, abstract, and highly organized self-concept. However, they do not resolve the methodological problems associated with conventional paradigms. Moreover, dissonance arising from inconsistencies between abstract self-conceptions and behavior may differ qualitatively from that arising from inconsistencies among more general cognitive elements, a possibility that warrants further investigation. Given that existing studies largely infer dissonance from preference changes and rely heavily on paradigms involving behavioral elements, future research should incorporate expectancy-violation and belief-disconfirmation paradigms. Combining physiological measures with multiple behavioral indicators may enable more direct assessment of dissonance arousal and clarify how different forms of dissonance relate to self-related cognition.
文章引用：窦道坦 (2026). 认知失调的诱发需要成熟自我概念的卷入吗？——基于动物与婴幼儿研究的证据. 心理学进展, 16(10), 504-515. https://doi.org/10.12677/ap.2026.1610516

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