秸秆基不同配方基质对水稻育秧效果的影响

Effects of Different Straw-Based Substrate Formulations on Rice Seedling Cultivation

摘要: 为探究油菜秸秆作为草炭替代原料制备水稻育秧基质的资源化利用潜力，以粉碎后的油菜细秸秆为主要有机原料，设置10种不同配比的秸秆基育秧基质开展育秧试验，系统研究不同基质配方对基质物理性质、养分供给特征以及机插水稻秧苗素质的调控效应。结果表明：各处理基质总孔隙度为51.37%~62.04%，通气孔隙度7.23%~29.60%，持水孔隙度30.83%~44.14%，容重0.35~0.53 g∙cm⁻³，各项物理指标均满足轻型育秧基质技术要求。基质pH介于6.03~7.64，有机质含量60.9~120.1 g/kg；全氮、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾含量受原料配比与复合肥添加量共同调控，处理间差异显著。综合出苗率、秧苗株高、茎基宽、地上部百株干重4项核心秧苗评价指标，以油菜秸秆为主原料配制的基质可满足水稻机插育秧生产需求；其中配方8 (秸秆45%、珍珠岩5%、草炭10%、蛭石10%、泥土30%，复合肥1 g/L)综合表现最优，出苗率83.31%，秧苗株高15.95 cm，茎基宽2.33 mm，地上部百株干重3.48 g，全部指标达到或优于农业行业标准NY/T 3838-2021。研究证实油菜秸秆可替代部分草炭用于水稻育秧基质生产，可为油菜秸秆资源化处置及水稻机械化育秧基质开发提供理论依据与技术参数。

Abstract: To explore the potential of rapeseed straw as peat-substituting raw material for rice seedling-raising substrate, ten substrate treatments with different mixing ratios were prepared using crushed fine rapeseed straw as the main organic material. A seedling-raising experiment was carried out to systematically investigate the regulatory effects of different substrate formulations on substrate physical properties, nutrient supply characteristics and seedling quality of machine-transplanted rice. The results showed that the total porosity of all substrates ranged from 51.37% to 62.04%, aeration porosity from 7.23% to 29.60%, water-holding porosity from 30.83% to 44.14%, and bulk density from 0.35 to 0.53 g∙cm⁻³. All physical indexes conformed to the technical requirements for light-weight seedling-raising substrates. The pH value of substrates varied from 6.03 to 7.64, and organic matter content was 60.9~120.1 g/kg. Contents of total nitrogen, alkali-hydrolyzable nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium were jointly regulated by raw-material ratios and compound-fertilizer application rates, with significant differences among treatments. According to four key seedling-evaluation indexes including emergence rate, seedling height, stem base width and above-ground dry weight per 100 seedlings, substrates formulated with rapeseed straw could satisfy the production requirements of rice mechanical-transplant seedling raising. Treatment 8 (straw 45%, perlite 5%, peat 10%, vermiculite 10%, soil 30%, compound fertilizer 1 g/L) performed best overall, with emergence rate of 83.31%, seedling height of 15.95 cm, stem base width of 2.33 mm and above-ground dry weight per 100 seedlings of 3.48 g. All indexes met or exceeded the agricultural industry standard NY/T 3838-2021. This study shows that rapeseed straw can partially replace peat for rice seedling-raising substrate production, and provides theoretical basis and technical parameters for resource utilization of rapeseed straw and development of substrates for rice mechanical-transplant seedling raising.