汉语疑问代词“什么”的维吾尔语对应表达

Uyghur Correspondences of the Mandarin Interrogative Pronoun “Shenme”

摘要: 本文以巴金《秋》及其维吾尔语译本、《维汉警务会话手册》和日常口语材料为主要语料，采用对比分析、语用分类和词频统计方法，考察现代汉语疑问代词“什么”在维吾尔语中的对应表达。研究将“什么”分为疑问用法与非疑问用法两大类。结果表明：疑问用法中，“什么”可依据询问对象分别对应nemɛ、qandaq、qaʧan、qɛjɛrdɛ、qajsi以及由nemɛ构成的复合形式；非疑问用法中，任指、虚指、列举、否定、指代、停顿和反诘等功能往往通过hɛr、hetʃ、bir等成分与nemɛ的组合或其他固定结构实现。对《秋》前20章的359例“什么”进行统计后发现，疑问用法143例、非疑问用法169例，另有47例在维吾尔语译文中没有直接对应成分。两种语言在语用功能上具有较强对应关系，但在词汇选择、形态标记和构式组织上呈现明显的形式分化。本文据此提出“功能等值–形式分化”的对应特征，即汉语以高频多功能形式“什么”覆盖较大的功能域，而维吾尔语通过专门疑问词、形态标记及复合结构进行更细致的功能编码，为汉维对比研究、双语教学与翻译实践提供参考。

Abstract: Using Ba Jin’s novel Autumn and its Uyghur translation, a Chinese-Uyghur police conversation handbook, and collected spoken examples as the main corpus, this study examines the Uyghur correspondences of the Mandarin interrogative pronoun “shenme” through contrastive analysis, pragmatic classification, and frequency statistics. The uses of “shenme” are divided into interrogative and non-interrogative functions. The results show that in interrogative contexts, its Uyghur correspondences vary according to the semantic target of the question and include nemɛ, qandaq, qaʧan, qɛjɛrdɛ, qajsi, and several constructions formed with nemɛ. In non-interrogative contexts, functions such as free choice, indefinite reference, listing, negation, anaphoric reference, hesitation, and rhetorical questioning are commonly expressed through combinations involving hɛr, hetʃ, bir and nemɛ, or through other fixed constructions. Among 359 tokens in the first twenty chapters of Autumn, 143 are interrogative, 169 are non-interrogative, and 47 have no direct lexical counterpart in the Uyghur translation. The two languages have a strong corresponding relationship in pragmatic functions, but show obvious formal differentiation in vocabulary selection, form marking and construction organization. Based on this, this paper proposes the corresponding feature of “functional equivalence with formal differentiation”: Mandarin uses the highly polyfunctional form “shenme” across a relatively broad functional domain, whereas Uyghur distributes comparable functions among specialized interrogatives, morphological marking, and constructional combinations. This functional-constructional perspective contributes to Chinese-Uyghur contrastive studies, bilingual teaching, and translation practice.