数·象·辞：《焦氏易林》源流考

Numbers, Images, and Verses: A Study of the Origins and Development of Jiaoshi Yilin

摘要: 《焦氏易林》的源流可从占辞形式、筮占方式与知识传统三个层面加以考察。传世与出土文献表明，早期卜筮记录的积累、整理与编纂，为其文本生成提供了线索。在占辞形式上，其四言韵语与《归藏》等占书的繇辞相近，均具实占特点。在筮占方式上，清华简《筮法》的数字爻象及分类占断规则，揭示了筮数、物象与吉凶的多种联系，为考察其取象与占辞提供了参照。在知识传统上，《易林》围绕占验运用多种知识，与史官所掌天文历法、卜筮占候及灾异记录的传统相通。可见，《易林》可能吸收了《周易》经传阐释体系之外的占筮资源，与《归藏》韵语占辞传统及史官知识传统存在联系。

Abstract: The origins and development of the Jiaoshi Yilin can be examined from three perspectives: the form of its divinatory verses, its methods of milfoil divination, and its intellectual traditions. Transmitted and excavated texts suggest that the accumulation, organization, and compilation of early divination records offer clues to the formation of the Yilin. In terms of form, its four-character rhymed verses resemble the divinatory pronouncements found in the Guicang and other divination manuals, sharing a practical concern with determining auspicious and inauspicious outcomes in specific human affairs. In terms of divinatory methods, the imagery associated with numerical lines and the rules organized by categories of inquiry in the Tsinghua bamboo manuscript Shifa reveal various connections among divinatory numbers, images, and judgments of outcomes, providing a comparative basis for examining the Yilin’s use of imagery and divinatory language. In terms of intellectual traditions, the Yilin’s use of diverse forms of knowledge for divinatory prediction has affinities with the traditions of astronomy, calendrical calculation, divination, omen interpretation, and the recording of anomalous phenomena maintained by scribal officials. These connections suggest that the Yilin may have incorporated divinatory resources beyond the interpretive framework of the Zhouyi and its commentaries, and that its formation was related both to the tradition of rhymed divinatory pronouncements found in the Guicang and to the knowledge traditions of scribal officials.