发展性社会工作视角下的中小城市社会组织公益项目管理困境研究

Research on the Management Challenges of Social Organizations’ Public Welfare Projects in Small and Medium-Sized Cities from the Perspective of Developmental Social Work

摘要: 社会组织在基层公共服务供给中承担着越来越重要的角色，政府通过购买服务、公益创投等方式，推动社会组织承接青少年发展型公益项目。这类项目以赋能服务对象、培育能力素养为根本目标，属于发展性社会工作的实践载体。然而在中小城市，社会组织普遍面临资金单一、人力不足、管理粗放的现实约束，项目管理实践往往偏离发展性目标，出现重活动场次、轻能力成效的现象。本文以济宁市“宝贝碳路员”青少年低碳科普项目为案例，基于发展性社会工作理论，结合参与式观察与项目文本分析，考察中小城市社会组织公益项目管理现状，剖析其目标管理、人力资源管理、资源筹措与多主体协同等方面的困境。研究发现，中小城市社会组织在发展型公益项目管理中存在目标绩效错位、志愿人力体系不健全、资源渠道单一、协同机制缺失等问题，其深层原因是发展性社会工作目标与资源约束下管理逻辑之间的张力。据此，本文从目标管理重构、人力资源优化、资源体系建设和协同治理搭建四个方面提出优化路径，以期为同类中小城市社会组织提升公益项目管理水平提供参考。

Abstract: Social organizations play an increasingly important role in the supply of grassroots public services. The government promotes social organizations to undertake youth development oriented public welfare projects through purchasing services, public welfare venture capital, and other means. This type of project aims to empower service recipients and cultivate their abilities and qualities, and is a practical carrier of developmental social work. However, in small and medium-sized cities, social organizations generally face practical constraints such as single funding, insufficient manpower, and extensive management. Project management practices often deviate from developmental goals, resulting in a phenomenon of emphasizing activity frequency over ability effectiveness. This article takes the “Baby Carbon Roadman” Youth Low Carbon Science Popularization Project in Jining City as a case study, based on the theory of developmental social work, combined with participatory observation and project text analysis, to examine the current situation of public welfare project management of social organizations in small and medium-sized cities, and analyze the difficulties in target management, human resource management, resource mobilization, and multi-party collaboration. Research has found that social organizations in small and medium-sized cities face problems in the management of development oriented public welfare projects, such as misalignment of target performance, incomplete volunteer manpower system, single resource channels, and lack of collaborative mechanisms. The underlying reason is the tension between development oriented social work goals and management logic under resource constraints. Based on this, this article proposes optimization paths from four aspects: target management reconstruction, human resource optimization, resource system construction, and collaborative governance construction, in order to provide reference for similar social organizations in small and medium-sized cities to improve their public welfare project management.