汉维否定算子及其对应表达

Chinese and Uyghur Negation Operators and Their Corresponding Expressions

摘要: 本文以现代汉语和现代维吾尔语为研究对象，采用对比语言学与形式语义学相结合的方法，从“焦点敏感算子”(focus-sensitive operator)这一理论视角出发，在明确界定焦点与预设概念的基础上，系统地分析和比较了两种语言中否定算子的类型、功能及其焦点关联机制。文章首先梳理了汉语否定算子“不”“没(有)”等的语义分布和焦点属性，指出其焦点关联主要依赖语序与虚词的协同配置；接着，重点考察了维吾尔语否定算子“ɛmɛs”“joq”及否定词缀“-mA”的焦点功能，指出三者分别承担命题否定、存在否定和动词否定等功能，其焦点关联体现为形态标记与语序的互动。在分析层面，本文引入否定辖域(scope)与三分结构(operator-restrictor-nuclear scope)等形式化概念，对否定算子与焦点成分的结构关系进行图示化表征，以超越单纯的现象描述。最后，文章从焦点标记手段、否定辖域和句法分布三个维度对汉维否定算子进行了系统对比。研究认为，两种语言的否定算子均具有焦点敏感性，但在焦点关联机制和实现方式上存在显著的类型学差异：汉语主要依赖语序和虚词，而维吾尔语更依赖形态和语序的协同作用。这一差异既反映了孤立语与黏着语在信息结构编码上的类型学分野，也为焦点敏感算子的跨语言研究提供了新的经验证据。

Abstract: This paper takes Modern Chinese and Modern Uyghur as research objects, adopting an integrated approach of contrastive linguistics and formal semantics. From the theoretical perspective of “focus-sensitive operators”, and based on an explicit definition of focus and presupposition, it systematically analyzes and compares the types, functions, and focus-association mechanisms of negative operators in the two languages. The paper first examines the semantic distribution and focal properties of Chinese negative operators such as “bu” and “mei (you)”, arguing that their focus association primarily relies on the coordinated configuration of word order and function words. It then investigates the focal functions of Uyghur negative operators “ɛmɛs”, “joq”, and the negative suffix “-mA”, demonstrating that they respectively perform propositional negation, existential negation, and verbal negation, with their focus association manifested in the interaction between morphological marking and word order. At the analytical level, this paper introduces formal concepts such as scope of negation and tripartite structure (operator-restrictor-nuclear scope) to provide diagrammatic representations of the structural relationship between negative operators and focal constituents, thereby moving beyond mere phenomenological description. Finally, the paper systematically compares Chinese and Uyghur negative operators along three dimensions: focal marking strategies, scope of negation, and syntactic distribution. The study argues that negative operators in both languages are focus-sensitive, yet they exhibit significant typological differences in focus association mechanisms and realization patterns: Chinese relies primarily on word order and function words, whereas Uyghur depends more on the interplay of morphology and word order. This difference reflects the typological divergence in information-structure encoding between isolating and agglutinative languages, and provides new empirical evidence for cross-linguistic research on focus-sensitive operators.