农村互助养老模式的发展困境与优化路径研究

A Study on the Development Challenges and Optimisation Paths for the Rural Mutual Aid Model for Elderly Care

摘要: 面对农村人口老龄化加剧与家庭养老功能弱化的双重压力，互助养老成为破解农村养老服务供给短板的重要模式。本文基于社会资本理论与多中心治理视角，剖析农村互助养老模式的社会学逻辑与现实基础。研究表明，在“熟人社会”变迁背景下，该模式面临传统网络弱化致使内生动力不足、资源高度依赖外部输血、组织规范化滞后以及正式与非正式制度衔接阻滞等系统性困境。为此，本文提出重构乡村社会资本以激发内生动力，完善多中心治理框架拓宽资源供给，推进组织规范化建设，并引入“时间银行”机制强化制度激励的优化路径，以期为提升农村互助养老服务效能提供理论支撑与决策参考。

Abstract: Faced with the dual pressures of an increasingly ageing rural population and the weakening of the family’s role in providing care, mutual aid in elderly care has emerged as a key model for addressing shortcomings in the provision of elderly care services in rural areas. Drawing on social capital theory and a multi-centre governance perspective, this paper analyses the sociological logic and practical foundations of the rural mutual aid model for elderly care. Research indicates that, against the backdrop of changes in “familiar-acquaintance societies”, this model faces systemic challenges such as a lack of endogenous momentum due to the weakening of traditional networks, a high degree of reliance on external resource transfers, lagging organisational standardisation, and difficulties in integrating formal and informal institutions. Accordingly, this paper proposes an optimised pathway involving the reconstruction of rural social capital to stimulate endogenous momentum, the refinement of a multi-centred governance framework to broaden resource supply, the advancement of organisational standardisation, and the introduction of a “time bank” mechanism to strengthen institutional incentives. It is hoped that this will provide theoretical support and policy guidance for enhancing the effectiveness of rural mutual care services.