民族地区农村社区互助养老模式研究——以四川省凉山彝族自治州森科洛村为例

Research on the Mutual-Aid Elderly Care Model of Rural Communities in Ethnic Minority Areas—A Case Study of Senkeluo Village, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province

摘要: 在城镇化加速、人口深度老龄化的双重背景下，我国农村青壮年大规模向城市流动，农村空心化、家庭结构小型化问题凸显，城乡老龄化倒挂现象加剧，农村留守老人养老压力持续攀升。相较于普通农村地区，西部民族地区受地理区位、经济基础、民族文化、医疗资源等多重因素制约，传统家庭养老模式不断弱化，机构养老覆盖面有限，留守老人普遍面临经济供养不足、生活照料缺失、精神慰藉匮乏、医疗保障薄弱等多重困境。社区互助养老凭借本土化、低成本、高适配性等优势，成为破解民族地区农村养老难题的重要路径。本文以四川凉山彝族自治州普格县森科洛村“社区守护人”养老模式为典型案例，结合实地访谈资料和官方调研数据，依托社会支持理论、社区治理理论、文化适配理论搭建完整分析框架，系统剖析该模式的诞生背景、运行机制、实施成效、内生矛盾与潜在风险，探讨该模式非预期后果与固有局限，剖析该模式的诞生背景、运行机制、实施成效与现存短板，总结民族地区农村社区互助养老的实践经验，并提出可落地、可推广的优化路径，以期为全国偏远民族乡村养老服务体系建设提供参考。

Abstract: Against the dual backdrop of accelerated urbanization and profound population aging, a large number of young and middle-aged rural residents in China have migrated to cities. This has given rise to prominent issues including rural hollowing and miniaturized family structures, exacerbated the inverted urban-rural aging pattern, and steadily intensified the elderly care burden on rural left-behind seniors. Compared with ordinary rural areas, western ethnic minority regions are constrained by multiple factors such as geographical location, weak economic foundations, ethnic cultural characteristics, and insufficient medical resources. The traditional family-based elderly care model has continued to decline, while institutional elderly care services remain limited in coverage. Left-behind elderly residents generally face intertwined hardships: inadequate financial support, insufficient daily care, lack of spiritual comfort, and fragile medical security. Boasting localized operation, low costs and strong regional adaptability, community mutual-aid elderly care has emerged as a vital solution to address the elderly care predicaments in rural ethnic minority areas. Taking the “Community Guardian” elderly care model implemented in Senkeluo Village, Puge County, Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture, Sichuan Province as a typical case, this paper this paper constructs a comprehensive analytical framework grounded in social support theory, community governance theory and cultural compatibility theory, based on field interview records and official survey data. It systematically examines the origin context, operational mechanisms, implementation effects, endogenous contradictions and potential risks of the model, explores its unintended consequences and inherent limitations. It summarizes practical experiences of rural community mutual-aid elderly care in ethnic minority regions and proposes actionable, replicable optimization approaches. This research aims to provide references for constructing elderly care service systems in remote ethnic villages nationwide.