农村养老机构闲置率的空间分布与成因分析——以安顺市为例

Analysis on the Spatial Distribution and Causes of Idle Rate of Rural Elderly Care Institutions —A Case Study of Anshun City

摘要: 本文以贵州省安顺市农村养老机构为研究对象，基于安顺市民政局官方公开数据，分析该市农村养老机构的闲置现状、转型进程与深层成因。研究发现，至2020年安顺市建成养老机构83个，闲置61个，闲置率高达73.49%；经过优化整合，2025年一季度机构数量压减至55个，公建民营率达69.6%，护理型床位占比提升至63.3%。本文从嵌入性理论的空间嵌入、经济嵌入、社会嵌入、制度嵌入四个维度剖析闲置成因，揭示机构布局与人口分布脱节、收费与支付能力落差、传统观念制约与熟人社会信任缺失、政策激励偏差等四重“脱嵌”问题。破解这一困局，需加强机构对农村社会的多维度嵌入，通过分类转型、深化公建民营改革、构建“机构辐射社区”的服务网络、完善县域统筹机制等路径推动农村养老机构从“闲置”走向“激活”。

Abstract: Taking the rural elderly care institutions in Anshun City, Guizhou Province as the research object, this paper analyzes the current idle status, transformation process and in-depth causes of the city’s rural elderly care institutions based on the officially published data of Anshun Municipal Civil Affairs Bureau. The study finds that by 2020, 83 elderly care institutions had been built in Anshun City, among which 61 were idle, bringing the idle rate as high as 73.49%. After optimization and integration, the number of institutions was reduced to 55 in the first quarter of 2025, with the public-private partnership ratio reaching 69.6% and the proportion of nursing beds increasing by 63.3%. This paper analyzes the causes of idleness from four dimensions of embeddedness theory: spatial embeddedness, economic embeddedness, social embeddedness and institutional embeddedness, and reveals four types of “disembedding” problems: the mismatch between institutional layout and population distribution, the gap between charging standards and payment ability, the restriction of traditional concepts and the lack of trust in acquaintance society, and the deviation of policy incentives. To address this dilemma, it is necessary to strengthen the multi-dimensional embedding of institutions in rural society, and promote the transformation of rural elderly care institutions from “idle” to “activated” through such paths as classified transformation, deepening the reform of public construction and private operation, constructing a service network of “institutions radiating communities”, and improving the overall planning mechanism at county level.