老龄化背景下意定监护制度的社会学研究

Sociological Research on the System of Voluntary Guardianship in the Context of Aging

摘要: 我国已全面进入深度老龄化社会，人口结构转型、家庭功能弱化、老年群体权益需求多元化，使得传统法定监护制度的适配性大幅下降。意定监护制度作为《中华人民共和国民法典》确立的新型成年人监护机制，不仅是私法领域的权利调整，更是社会结构变迁、家庭功能转型、养老模式迭代背景下的社会治理革新。当前该制度在实践运行中仍存在问题，制度落地效果与立法初衷、社会现实需求存在脱节。本文立足于人口老龄化的时代背景，运用社会学相关理论，系统剖析意定监护制度的社会生成逻辑、现实运行困境及深层社会学成因，结合我国社会文化特质与养老社会生态，探索制度优化的实践路径，旨在为完善新时代老年权益保障体系，积极老龄化社会建设提供建议。

Abstract: China has fully entered a deep aging society, where demographic structural transformation, the weakening of family functions, and the diversification of elderly rights demands have significantly reduced the adaptability of the traditional statutory guardianship system. The voluntary guardianship system, established as a new adult guardianship mechanism under the Civil Code, represents not only rights adjustment in private law but also a governance innovation against the backdrop of social structural changes, family function shifts, and evolving elderly care models. Currently, the system still faces operational challenges, with implementation outcomes diverging from legislative intentions and societal needs. This study, grounded in the demographic aging context, employs sociological theories to systematically analyze the social genesis logic, practical operational dilemmas, and underlying sociological causes of the voluntary guardianship system. By integrating China’s social cultural characteristics and elderly care social ecology, it explores practical pathways for system optimization, aiming to provide recommendations for improving the elderly rights protection system and advancing the construction of an active aging society in the new era.