县域尺度下城乡老年人生存状态空间异质性研究——以黑龙江省为例

Spatial Heterogeneity of the Living Conditions of Urban and Rural Older Adults at the County Scale—A Case Study of Heilongjiang Province

摘要: 人口老龄化背景下，老年人口生存状态及其空间差异成为区域可持续发展和公共服务优化的重要议题。本文基于2020年第七次全国人口普查数据，以黑龙江省76个县域单元为研究对象，从生活来源、健康水平和居住状况三个维度构建老年人生存状态分析框架，采用空间可视化方法，对黑龙江省城乡老年人生存状态的空间分异特征进行研究。结果表明：(1) 黑龙江省老年人口生活来源呈现明显城乡差异，城镇老年人口主要依靠离退休金和养老金，比例达到73.05%，而乡村老年人口对劳动收入和家庭供养依赖程度较高，分别达到26.26%和28.76%。(2) 老年人口健康水平总体较高，全省健康老年人口比例达到85.07%，但城乡之间存在明显差异，乡村老年人口健康水平低于城镇，女性老年人的健康状况弱于男性。(3) 老年人口居住方式以与配偶或家人共同居住为主，独居老年人口主要集中于哈大齐工业走廊地区，城乡养老服务资源配置存在一定差异。(4) 从空间格局来看，老年人生存状态具有明显空间异质性，生活来源、健康水平和居住方式均呈现不同程度的区域分化特征。研究结果可为黑龙江省城乡养老资源优化配置、老年友好型社会建设提供参考。

Abstract: Against the background of population ageing, the living conditions of older adults and their spatial differences have become important issues concerning regional sustainable development and the optimization of public services. Based on data from the Seventh National Population Census of China in 2020, this study takes 76 county-level units in Heilongjiang Province as the research units and constructs an analytical framework for the living conditions of older adults from three dimensions: sources of livelihood, health status, and living arrangements. Spatial visualization methods are employed to examine the spatial differentiation of the living conditions of urban and rural older adults in Heilongjiang Province. The results show that: (1) There are pronounced urban-rural differences in the livelihood sources of older adults in Heilongjiang Province. Urban older adults mainly rely on retirement pensions and old-age pensions, accounting for 73.05%, whereas rural older adults are more dependent on labor income and support from other family members, accounting for 26.26% and 28.76%, respectively. (2) The overall health status of older adults is relatively good, with healthy older adults accounting for 85.07% of the total. However, significant urban-rural differences remain: the health status of rural older adults is poorer than that of urban older adults, and older women generally have poorer health status than older men. (3) Older adults mainly live with their spouses or other family members. Older adults living alone are concentrated primarily along the Harbin-Daqing-Qiqihar Industrial Corridor, and disparities remain in the allocation of elderly-care service resources between urban and rural areas. (4) From a spatial perspective, the living conditions of older adults exhibit pronounced spatial heterogeneity, with livelihood sources, health status, and living arrangements showing varying degrees of regional differentiation. The findings can provide a reference for optimizing the allocation of elderly-care resources and promoting the development of an age-friendly society in Heilongjiang Province.