城乡社区养老资源分配差异及调适策略研究

Research on Urban-Rural Disparities in Community Elderly Care Resource Allocation and Adaptive Strategies

摘要: 我国人口老龄化持续加速，社区养老作为老年人居家养老的重要依托，在保障老年群体生活质量、促进老年社会参与、维护老年权益等方面发挥日益重要作用。然而，受城乡二元社会结构、社区治理资源配置不均衡等因素影响，城乡社区养老资源分配存在显著差异，直接影响城乡老年人养老服务的可及性与获得感。本文基于国家统计局2024年人口数据、中国老年社会追踪调查(CLASS)等多源数据，系统量化城乡社区养老设施覆盖率、服务可及性、养老保障水平等维度的差距；并从城乡社会结构、社区治理模式、社会支持网络等维度剖析差异形成的社会动因，围绕保障城乡老年人平等享有社区养老服务的目标，提出统筹城乡规划、因地制宜完善供给、培育内生力量、畅通诉求表达、健全协同治理等调适对策，以期为促进城乡老年群体养老公平提供政策参考。

Abstract: China’s population aging is accelerating at a sustained pace. Community-based elderly care, serving as a critical support for home-based aging, plays an increasingly vital role in safeguarding the quality of life of older adults, facilitating their social participation, and protecting their rights and interests. However, significant disparities persist in the allocation of community elderly care resources between urban and rural areas, driven by factors such as the urban-rural dual social structure and the uneven distribution of community governance resources. These disparities directly undermine the accessibility of elderly care services and the sense of fulfillment among older adults in both urban and rural settings. Drawing upon multi-source data, including the 2024 population statistics from the National Bureau of Statistics and the China Longitudinal Aging Social Survey (CLASS), this study systematically quantifies the gaps across multiple dimensions, including the coverage rate of community elderly care facilities, service accessibility, and the level of elderly care security. It further examines the underlying social drivers of these disparities from the perspectives of urban-rural social structure, community governance models, and social support networks. Centered on the goal of ensuring equitable access to community elderly care services for older adults across urban and rural areas, this paper proposes a set of adaptive strategies: coordinated urban-rural planning, context-specific improvement of service supply, cultivation of endogenous community capacity, facilitation of demand expression channels, and enhancement of collaborative governance mechanisms. These recommendations aim to provide policy references for advancing elderly care equity between urban and rural populations.