青壮年外流视域下我国农村老龄化与养老困境及优化路径研究

Study on Rural Aging and Elderly Care Dilemma and Optimization Path from the Perspective of Youngand Middle-Aged Population Outflow

摘要: 城镇化带动农村劳动力持续向城市迁移定居，农村老龄化、村庄空心化叠加问题不断凸显，空巢、留守成为农村老人常态生活状态，乡村养老压力持续攀升。受劳动力外流冲击，传统家庭养老支撑能力持续弱化，农村老人在经济收入、基础医疗、日常照护、精神关怀层面普遍面临现实难题，城乡公共资源配置失衡、乡土养老观念滞后、养老服务体系建设滞后等多重因素进一步放大养老供需矛盾。本文结合陕西渭南华州、江苏多地农村实地调研资料，依托现有基层调研成果，梳理当前农村养老现实短板，从制度完善、模式创新、集体经济培育、数字养老落地、孝老文化重塑五个层面提出实操性优化举措，助力完善县域农村养老服务体系，落实积极应对人口老龄化国家战略，为乡村长效发展与共同富裕建设提供民生支撑。

Abstract: Urbanization has driven a continuous migration of rural laborers to cities for settlement, while issues such as rural aging and village hollowing have become increasingly prominent. Empty nests and left-behind situations have become the normal living conditions for elderly people in rural areas, leading to a continuous rise in the pressure of rural elderly care. Affected by population outflow, the supporting function of traditional family-based eldercare keeps declining. Rural elderly are confronted with practical difficulties concerning economic income, primary medical treatment, daily care and mental comfort. Unbalanced allocation of urban and rural public resources, outdated traditional pension concepts and underdeveloped eldercare service system further widen the gap between pension supply and demand. Based on field surveys in Huazhou District of Shaanxi and rural areas of Jiangsu, this paper sorts out existing shortcomings of rural eldercare and puts forward practical suggestions from institutional improvement, model innovation, collective economy development, popularization of smart eldercare and filial piety culture renovation, so as to improve county-level rural eldercare system, implement national strategy for active aging and support rural vitalization and common prosperity.