马克思主义劳动价值论视域下银发经济的发展逻辑与路径优化——基于养老服务业的理论对话与实证考察

Development Logic and Path Optimization of the “Silver Economy” from the Perspective of Marxist Labor Theory of Value—A Theoretical Dialogue and Empirical Investigation Based on the Elderly Care Service Industry

摘要: 随着我国人口老龄化进程的加快，银发经济正成为推动经济高质量发展的重要新引擎。马克思主义劳动价值论作为揭示商品经济运行规律的科学理论，为探析银发经济的发展逻辑提供了重要的分析工具。本文在系统梳理国内外银发经济研究主要流派的基础上，以马克思主义劳动价值论为视角，以养老服务业为具体切入点，深入探讨了劳动价值论在这一特殊领域的适用性边界与理论修正。养老服务业中普遍存在的情感劳动与非物质劳动，对社会必要劳动时间的衡量构成挑战，却也进一步凸显了活劳动作为价值唯一源泉的不可替代性。通过与人力资本理论的比较分析，本文认为劳动价值论的独特洞见在于揭示了照护劳动“高技能、低回报”现象背后价值创造与价值分配的社会矛盾。研究结合低龄老年劳动参与率、银发市场规模等统计数据，对泰康之家、南京互助“时间银行”等典型案例进行剖析，指出当前银发经济发展中存在老年劳动参与率持续走低、产品供需错配、市场机制不完善、劳动权益保障不足等问题。为此，应从构建“老年技能价值评估与再开发体系”、优化产品供给、完善市场体系、建立“时间银行与社区服务价值转换机制”四个维度协同发力，将“尊重活劳动价值”的核心理念转化为可操作的政策工具，把老龄化压力转化为“长寿红利”。

Abstract: With the acceleration of population aging in China, the silver economy is becoming an important new engine for high-quality economic development. As a scientific theory revealing the operating laws of the commodity economy, the Marxist labor theory of value provides an important analytical tool. Based on a systematic review of the major research schools on the silver economy at home and abroad, this paper takes the elderly care service industry as a specific entry point and explores the applicability boundary and theoretical revision of the labor theory of value in this special field. The emotional labor and immaterial labor prevalent in the elderly care service industry challenge the measurement of socially necessary labor time, yet further highlight the irreplaceability of living labor as the sole source of value. Through a comparative analysis with human capital theory, this paper argues that the unique insight of the labor theory of value lies in revealing the social contradiction between value creation and value distribution behind the “high-skill, low-return” phenomenon of care labor. Drawing on statistical data such as the labor participation rate of the young-old and the scale of the silver market, and conducting anatomical analyses of typical cases such as Taikang Home and the Nanjing mutual-aid “Time Bank”, the study identifies problems including the continuously declining elderly labor participation rate, the mismatch between product supply and demand, an imperfect market mechanism, and insufficient protection of labor rights. Accordingly, coordinated efforts should be made in four dimensions—building an “elderly skill value assessment and redevelopment system”, optimizing product supply, improving the market system, and establishing a “time bank and community service value conversion mechanism”—so as to transform the core idea of “respecting the value of living labor” into operable policy tools and turn the pressure of aging into a “longevity dividend”.