分工视域下马克思异化理论的历史唯物主义转向

The Historical Materialist Turn of Marx’s Alienation Theory from the Perspective of Division of Labor

摘要: 异化是马克思哲学思想中一个至关重要的概念。从《1844年经济学哲学手稿》到《德意志意识形态》，马克思的异化思想经历了一场深刻而彻底的转变：由人本主义异化观转向历史唯物主义异化观。在前者中，马克思以“类本质”的异化为核心范畴，从抽象的人性出发批判资本主义劳动的非人化；在后者中，马克思以“现实的人”及其物质生产活动为出发点，将异化置于生产力与交往形式的矛盾运动中来理解，用“分工”范畴实现了对“异化”范式的理论置换。这一转变并非概念的简单替换，而是哲学范式本身的根本变革——从道德批判范式转向历史批判范式，从“逻辑在先”的思辨路径转向“逻辑与历史相统一”的科学路径。本文通过系统考察马克思异化思想演变的哲学背景、文本依据与逻辑环节，揭示这一转变对于历史唯物主义创立的核心意义，并在此基础上论证：马克思并未“抛弃”异化概念，而是将其从抽象的哲学思辨提升为具体的历史科学分析范畴。

Abstract: Alienation is a crucial concept in Marxist philosophical thought. From the Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts of 1844 to The German Ideology, Marx’s alienation thought underwent a profound and thorough transformation: from a humanistic alienation view to a historical materialist alienation view. In the former, Marx criticized the dehumanization of capitalist labor from the perspective of abstract human nature, with the core category of alienation of “class essence”; In the latter, Marx takes “real people” and their material production activities as the starting point, understands alienation in the contradictory movement between productive forces and forms of communication, and uses the category of “division of labor” to achieve theoretical replacement of the paradigm of “alienation”. This transformation is not a simple replacement of concepts, but a fundamental change in the philosophical paradigm itself-from the moral critical paradigm to the historical critical paradigm, from the speculative path of “logic first” to the scientific path of “unity of logic and history”. This article systematically examines the philosophical background, textual basis, and logical links of the evolution of Marx’s alienation thought, revealing the core significance of this transformation for the establishment of historical materialism. Based on this, it argues that Marx did not “abandon” the concept of alienation, but elevated it from abstract philosophical speculation to a concrete category of historical scientific analysis.