宅基地功能重构与农村养老保障的耦合机制研究

Coupling Mechanism between Homestead Functional Reconstruction and Rural Eldercare Security

摘要: 在中国式现代化与乡村振兴战略叠加推进的背景下，农村宅基地正经历由传统生存保障型资源向复合型发展资源的系统性功能转型。与此同时，农村人口老龄化持续加深，传统家庭养老功能弱化与正式制度供给不足形成结构性张力，使宅基地在老年群体养老保障中的基础性作用日益凸显。本文基于空间正义理论与协同治理理论，构建“资源转型–保障重构–协同治理”分析框架，系统考察宅基地功能转型的现实表征及其与农村老年人养老保障体系的互动逻辑。研究发现：宅基地功能转型呈现闲置化、资产化与治理化三重特征，其资源效率导向的制度变迁在提升配置效率的同时，也引发居住保障弱化、收益分配失衡、家庭支持断裂及制度协同不足等结构性困境，对老年群体养老安全形成多维风险。破解困境的关键在于强化居住保障底线、优化收益分配机制、重构家庭与社区支持体系、推进资源治理与养老保障制度协同，以实现效率逻辑与保障逻辑的动态平衡。

Abstract: Against the backdrop of Chinese-style modernization and the rural revitalization strategy advancing in tandem, rural homesteads are undergoing a systematic functional transformation from traditional subsistence-security resources to composite development-oriented resources. Concurrently, the deepening aging of the rural population, coupled with the weakening of traditional family eldercare functions and insufficient formal institutional supply, has created a structural tension that increasingly highlights the foundational role of homesteads in the eldercare security of older adults. Drawing upon spatial justice theory and collaborative governance theory, this paper constructs an analytical framework of “resource transformation-security reconstruction-collaborative governance” to systematically examine the realistic manifestations of homestead functional transformation and its interactive logic with the eldercare security system for rural older adults. The study finds that the functional transformation of homesteads exhibits threefold characteristics: idleness, capitalization, and governance-orientation. While the resource efficiency-oriented institutional changes enhance allocative efficiency, they also give rise to structural predicaments including the weakening of residential security, imbalance in benefit distribution, fragmentation of family support, and insufficient institutional coordination, thereby generating multidimensional risks to the eldercare security of older adults. The key to resolving these predicaments lies in reinforcing the bottom line of residential security, optimizing benefit distribution mechanisms, reconstructing family and community support systems, and promoting the synergy between resource governance and eldercare security institutions, so as to achieve a dynamic equilibrium between efficiency logic and security logic.