实践观的哲学革命及其当代意蕴——重读《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》

The Revolution in Marx’s Conception of Practice and Its Contemporary Relevance—A Re-Reading of the Theses on Feuerbach

摘要: 《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》十一条的篇幅里，马克思完成了对旧唯物主义与唯心主义的双重清算，其凭借的核心武器正是“实践”。旧唯物主义把对象当作直观之客体，费尔巴哈“没有把人的活动本身理解为对象性的活动”；唯心主义则相反，它抽象地发展了主体能动性，却把现实消融于概念的运动。《提纲》的深刻之处还不止于这两条批判线索：通过重提第三条关于环境与教育的争论、第八条“社会生活在本质上是实践”的判定以及第十条新旧唯物主义立脚点的分野，可以看到“改变世界”这一名言背后有一个常被忽略的维度——哲学立场问题。马克思所说的改变世界，不是无主体的任意行动，而是立足于“人类社会”的现实改造。回到文本生成的思想史语境，既能厘清马克思同费尔巴哈、黑格尔之间继承与断裂的复杂纹理，也能为理解数字时代的劳动形态与中国式现代化的实践逻辑提供经典理论资源。

Abstract: In only eleven brief theses, Marx accomplished a twofold critique of both old materialism and idealism, the weapon of which was the concept of practice. Old materialism, represented by Feuerbach, conceived of objects merely as objects of intuition and failed to grasp the significance of practical-critical activity; idealism, by contrast, abstractly developed human agency only to dissolve reality into the movement of concepts. A dimension of the Theses that is often overlooked, however, lies in the third thesis on the controversy over circumstances and education, the eighth thesis that all social life is essentially practical, and the tenth thesis on the divergent standpoints of old and new materialism. Behind the famous call to change the world stands the question of philosophical standpoint: the world Marx sought to change is not an object of arbitrary action but of practical transformation grounded in human society. Returning to the textual and intellectual context of the Theses not only clarifies the complex relation of inheritance and rupture between Marx on the one hand and Feuerbach and Hegel on the other, but also offers classical theoretical resources for understanding the transformation of labor in the digital age and the practical logic of Chinese-style modernization.