在线诉讼的实践困境与制度完善——以民事诉讼程序现代化为视角

Practical Dilemmas and Institutional Improvement of Online Litigation—From the Perspective of the Modernization of Civil Procedure

摘要: 数字化转型与司法改革的双重驱动下，中国在线诉讼制度经历了从政策试点到立法确认的跨越式发展。2021年《人民法院在线诉讼规则》的出台，标志着在线诉讼正式成为民事诉讼程序的重要组成部分。然而，实践运行中暴露的技术异化、权利保障失衡、程序衔接断层等问题，折射出制度设计中的深层矛盾。本文通过研究典型司法案例，系统考察在线诉讼的实践样态与理论争议，提出以技术中立 + 权利本位为核心的制度完善路径，为构建符合中国司法实际的在线诉讼规则体系提供理论支撑。

Abstract: Driven by the dual forces of digital transformation and judicial reform, China’s online litigation system has undergone leapfrog development from policy pilots to legislative confirmation. The promulgation of the Online Litigation Rules of the People’s Courts in 2021 marked the formal establishment of online litigation as an important component of civil procedure. However, problems exposed in practical operation—such as technological alienation, imbalances in rights protection, and gaps in procedural linkage—reflect deep-seated contradictions in institutional design. By examining typical judicial cases, this paper systematically investigates the practical manifestations of online litigation and the theoretical controversies surrounding it, and proposes an institutional improvement path centered on the dual principles of technology neutrality and rights-based orientation, thereby providing theoretical support for constructing a system of online litigation rules suited to China’s judicial realities.