从氧气发现历程看封闭系统对大学化学核心概念建构的教学价值

The Teaching Value of Closed Systems in Building Core Concepts of University Chemistry: Insights from the Discovery of Oxygen

摘要: 氧气的发现与氧化理论的确立，是近代化学从定性描述走向定量实证的里程碑事件，而封闭系统的构建与严格控制，是推翻燃素学说、建立质量守恒定律与氧化还原理论的核心方法论基础。文章以舍勒、普利斯特里与拉瓦锡的科学探索历程为逻辑主线，系统阐释开放系统对科学认知的遮蔽效应，以及封闭系统在物质守恒、反应机理、定量分析等核心化学概念形成中的支撑作用，并结合当前大学化学课程教学的现实需求，提出以化学史为载体、以系统思维为核心、以科学方法论为导向的教学改革路径，旨在帮助学生建立严谨的热力学系统观、定量守恒观与逻辑推理能力，提升大学化学课程的理论深度与育人价值。

Abstract: The discovery of oxygen and the establishment of the oxidation theory represent a milestone in the transformation of modern chemistry from qualitative description to quantitative empirical research. The construction and strict control of a closed system serve as the fundamental methodological basis for overthrowing the phlogiston theory and establishing the law of conservation of mass and the redox theory. Taking the scientific exploration processes of Scheele, Priestley, and Lavoisier as the logical mainline, this paper systematically elucidates the masking effect of open systems on scientific cognition, as well as the supporting role of closed systems in the formation of core chemical concepts such as mass conservation, reaction mechanisms, and quantitative analysis. Furthermore, integrated with the practical demands of current university chemistry teaching, this paper proposes a teaching reform approach that takes the history of chemistry as the carrier, systems thinking as the core, and scientific methodology as the guidance. It aims to assist students in establishing rigorous views of thermodynamic systems and quantitative conservation, as well as developing logical reasoning skills, so as to enhance the theoretical depth and educational value of university chemistry courses.