资本批判视域下马克思世界历史理论的发展脉络与当代启示

The Development and Contemporary Implications of Marx’s World History Theory from the Perspective of Capital Criticism

摘要: 马克思世界历史理论是唯物史观的重要组成部分，为理解现代全球化的发生与矛盾提供经典分析框架。本文采用文本解读的研究方法，梳理该理论从早期哲学奠基、中期政治经济学批判阐释到晚年人类学与东方社会研究多维拓展的演进脉络，解析“资本逻辑–普遍交往–世界历史–人类解放”的核心逻辑链条。研究表明，资本增殖是世界历史生成的内在驱动力，资本催生的普遍交往兼具进步性与对抗性，世界历史的发展趋向是超越资本统治、实现人类解放。面对全球治理困境，该理论能够揭示全球化的内在矛盾，为探索现代化道路的多元文明形态提供重要的理论参照。

Abstract: Marx’s theory of world history constitutes an important component of the materialist conception of history and provides a classic analytical framework for understanding the emergence and contradictions of modern-day globalization. Adopting the research method of textual interpretation, this paper sorts out the evolutionary context of the theory from its early-stage philosophical foundation, mid-term elaboration through critique of political economy, to its multi-dimensional expansion in Marx’s later-year anthropological studies and research on Eastern societies. It analyzes the core logical chain of “capital logic-universal intercourse-world history-human emancipation”. The study shows that capital valorization serves as the intrinsic driving force for the formation of world history. Universal intercourse generated by capital is both progressive and confrontational, and the developmental tendency of world history lies in transcending capitalist domination and realizing human emancipation. In the face of the dilemmas of global governance, this theory can reveal the inherent contradictions of globalization and offer important theoretical references for exploring diverse civilizational forms of modernization paths.