国外流域水土保持综合治理的法律制度与管理体制评述

The Review on Legal and Management System of Comprehensive Harness of Watershed Soil and Water Conservation Abroad

摘要: 水是生命之源，土是生存之本，水土资源是人类生存和发展的基本条件，是不可替代的基础资源。纵观世界主要国家和地区水土资源治理及其立法和实践，大都将流域综合治理作为其核心内容之一，并侧重于从流域整体层面维护河流健康、公平公道利用水土资源。由于流域水土资源开发、利用和保护与当地的社会、经济、文化等因素关系密切，因此各国和地区流域综合治理的制度表现形式亦有所不同。美国和日本在流域综合治理方面都是起步比较早的国家，有着丰富的经验，他们的一些先进技术，法律制度，管理体制等值得很多国家学习。本文通过对美国、日本水土保持相关法律制度与管理体制的综合评述，结合美国甜水河小流域综合治理和日本山洪灾害及水土流失治理的砂防工程的成功经验，分析了两国在流域水土保持综合治理的法律制度与管理体制方面的优势，为我国流域水土保持综合治理提供借鉴与参考。

Abstract: Water is the source of life; soil is the root of survival, water and soil resources as the basic conditions for human survival and development are not be replaced. Throughout the world’s major countries and regions soil and water resources management and legislation and practice, most of them regard the watershed management as one of its core content, and focus on maintaining the health of the river from the overall level, fair and reasonable utilization of water and soil resources. Since the basin soil and water resources development, utilization and protection are closely related with the local social, economic, cultural and other factors, the form of integrated watershed management system in different countries and regions is not the same. The United States and Japan in terms of watershed management started relatively early and have a rich experience in integrated watershed management; some of their advanced technology, legal system, management system are worth learning for many countries. In this paper, based on the comprehensive review on Soil and Water Conservation legal system and management system of United States and Japan, combined with successful experiences of American Sweetwater River comprehensive management and Japanese Soil Conservation for mountain torrents and soil erosion governance, we analyzed the advantages in legal and management system of comprehensive harness of watershed soil and water conservation of the two countries to provide a reference for our country of the comprehensive management of watershed.