洗手对内隐肥胖偏见的影响
Effects of Hand Washing on Implicit Anti-Fat Bias
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2016.611153, PDF,    国家自然科学基金支持
作者: 刘哲英, 梁 晨, 吴 奇：湖南师范大学教育科学学院心理系，认知与人类行为湖南省重点实验室，湖南 长沙
关键词: 内隐肥胖偏见；洗手；行为免疫系统；进化；Implicit Anti-Fat Bias； Hand Washing； Behavioral Immune System； Evolution
摘要: 研究显示，对过度肥胖者的偏见与行为免疫系统的激活有关。以内隐联想测验为基础，考察洗手这一疾病预防措施对内隐肥胖偏见的影响。结果显示，与控制组相比，洗手显著减少了被试的内隐肥胖偏见，且这一效应没有受到被试自身体重的影响。结果还显示，洗手所带来的这一效应由洗手对肥胖—疾病内隐联结的影响所中介。这些结果提示，通过提供公共卫生干预措施的方式，或可有效减少人们对肥胖者的偏见。
Previous studies have shown that the obesity sigma is linked with the activation of the behavioral immune system. Based on the IAT tests, we tested whether the experience of a modern form of dis-ease protection (hand washing) can reduce the implicit anti-fat bias. Results showed that, compared with the control group, participants significantly reduced their implicit anti-fat bias after hand washing, and such effect was irrelevant to participants’ own body weight. The results also revealed that the hand washing effect was fully mediated by the implicit obesity-disease associations. These results suggest that it may be an effective approach to reduce the obesity sigma by providing public health interventions.
文章引用：刘哲英, 梁晨, 吴奇 (2016). 洗手对内隐肥胖偏见的影响. 心理学进展, 6(11), 1217-1223. https://dx.doi.org/10.12677/AP.2016.611153

参考文献

[1] 姜勇(2013). 我国成人超重肥胖流行现状、变化趋势及健康危害研究. 博士学位论文, 中国疾病预防控制中心, 北京.
[2] 南慧(2011). 我国6城市小学生肥胖相关知识态度行为调查分析. 硕士学位论文, 重庆医科大学, 重庆.
[3] 商卫星, 熊哲宏(2007). 进化心理学关于心理模块的领域特殊性思想. 华东师范大学学报: 教育科学版, 25(1), 56-61.
[4] 吴宝沛, 张雷(2011). 疾病的心理防御: 人类如何应对病菌威胁. 心理科学进展, 19(3), 410-419.
[5] 武阳丰, 马冠生, 胡永华, 李艳平, 李贤, 崔朝辉等(2005). 中国居民的超重和肥胖流行现状. 中华预防医学杂志, 39(5), 316-320.
[6] 张妍(2015).大学生自尊水平对肥胖人群内隐、外显偏见的影响. 硕士学位论文, 中国地质大学, 北京.
[7] 郑建盛, 王金兵(2002). 单纯性肥胖儿童心理行为问题探讨. 长治医学院学报, 16(8), 256-258.
[8] Buss, D. (2015). Evolutionary Psychology: The New Science of the Mind. New York: Psychology Press.
[9] Crandall, C. S. (1994). Prejudice against Fat People: Ideology and Self-Interest. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 882-894.[CrossRef] 
[10] DeScioli, P., Gilbert, S. S., & Kurzban, R. (2012). Indelible Victims and Persistent Punishers in Moral Cognition. Psychological Inquiry, 23, 143-149.[CrossRef] 
[11] Greenwald, A. G., Nosek, B. A., & Banaji, M. R. (2003). Under-standing and Using the Implicit Association Test: An Improved Scoring Algorithm. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 85, 197-216.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Haidt, J., & Joseph, C. (2008). The moral Mind: How Five Sets of Innate Intuitions Guide the Development of Many Culture-Specific Virtues, and Perhaps Even Modules. In P. Carruthers, S. Laurence, & S. Stich (Eds.): The Innate Mind (pp. 367-391). England: Oxford University Press.[CrossRef] 
[13] Huang, J. Y., Sedlovskaya, A., Ackerman, J. M., & Bargh, J. A. (2011). Immunizing against Prejudice: Effects of Disease Protection on Attitudes toward Out-Group. Psy-chological Science, 22, 1550-1556.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[14] Kathrin, R., Boris, E., & Michael, W. (2013). The Implicit Health-Related Self-Concept In Somatoform Disorders. Journal of Behavior Therapy and Experimental Psychiatry, 44, 335-342.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Lund, E. M., & Miller, S. L. (2014). Is Obesity Un-American? Disease Concerns Bias Implicit Perceptions of National Identity. Evolution and Human Behavior, 35, 336-340.[CrossRef] 
[16] Miller, S. L., & Maner, J. K. (2012). Over Perceiving Disease Cues: The Basic Cognition of the Behavioral Immune System. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 102, 1198-1213.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Murray, D. R., & Schaller, M. (2015). The Behavioral Immune System: Implications for Social Cognition, Social Interaction, and Social Influence. In J. M. Olson, & M. P. Zanna (Eds.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology (pp. 75-129). Pittsburgh, PA: Academic Press.
[18] Park, J. H., & Isherwood, E. (2011). Effects of Concerns about Pathogens on Conservatism and Anti-Fat Prejudice: Are They Mediated by Moral Intuitions? The Journal of Social Psychology, 151, 391-394.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Park, J. H., Schaller, M., & Crandall, C. S. (2007). Patho-gen-Avoidance Mechanisms and the Stigmatization of Obese People. Evolution and Human Behavior, 28, 410-414.[CrossRef] 
[20] Park, J. H., van Leeuwen, F., & Chochorelou, Y. (2013). Disease Avoidance Processes and Stigmatization: Cues of Substandard Health Arouse Heightened Discomfort with Physical Contact. Journal of Social Psychology, 153, 212-228.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Preacher, K. J., & Hayes, A. F. (2008). Asymptotic and Resampling Strategies for Assessing and Comparing Indirect Effects in Multiple Mediator Models. Behavior Research Methods, 40, 879-891.[CrossRef] 
[22] Puhl, R. M., & Heuer, C. A. (2012). The Stigma of Obesity: A Re-view and Update. Obesity, 17, 941-964.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Rabie, T., & Curtis, V. (2006). Handwashing and Risk of Respiratory Infections: A Quantitative Systematic Review. Tropical Medicine & International Health, 11, 258-267.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Schaller, M., & Duncan, L. A. (2007). The Behavioral Immune System: Its Evolution and Social Psychological Implications. In J. P. Forgas, M. G. Haselton, & W. V. Hippel (Eds.), Evolution and the Social Mind: Evolutionary Psychology and Social Cognition (pp. 293-307). New York: Psychology Press.
[25] Schaller, M., & Park, J. H. (2011). The Behavioral Immune System (And Why It Matters). Current Directions in Psychological Science, 20, 99-103.[CrossRef] 
[26] Schnall, S., Benton, J., & Harvey, S. (2008). With a Clean Conscience Cleanliness Reduces the Severity of Moral Judgments. Psychological Science, 19, 1219-1222.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[27] Schwartz, M. B., Chambliss, H. O., Brownell, K. D., Blair, S. N., & Billington, C. (2003). Weight Bias among Health Professionals Specializing in Obesity. Obesity Research, 11, 1033-1039.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[28] Schwartz, M. B., Vartanian, L. R., Nosek, B. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2006).The Influence of One’s Own Body Weight on Implicit and Explicit Anti-Fat Bias. Obesity, 14, 440-447.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Scott-Phillips, T. C., Dickins, T. E., & West, S. A.（2011）. Evolutionary Theory and the Ultimate-Proximate Distinction in the Human Behavioral Sciences. Perspectives on Psychological Science, 6, 38-47.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Teachman, B. A., & Brownell, K. D. (2001). Implicit Anti-Fat Bias among Health Professionals: Is Anyone Immune? International Journal of Obesity & Related Metabolic Disorders, 25, 1525-1531.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Van Leeuwen, F., Hunt, D. F., & Park, J. H. (2015). Is Obesity Stigma Based on Perceptions of Appearance or Character? Theory, Evidence, and Directions for Further Study. Evolutionary Psychology, 13, 1-8.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Vartanian, L. R., Herman, C. P., & Polivy, J. (2005). Implicit and Explicit Attitudes toward Fatness and Thinness: The Role of the Internalization of Societal Standards. Body Image, 2, 373-381.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[33] Zhong, C. B., & Liljenquist, K. (2006). Washing away Your Sins: Threatened Morality and Physical Cleansing. Science, 313, 1451-1452.[CrossRef] [PubMed]