东非大湖流域水环境质量与监测管理问题探析

Analysis of Water Environmental Quality and Monitoring Management in the Great Lakes Basin of East Africa

摘要: 东非三个超级大湖淡水贮量占全球四分之一，区域快速增长的人口、城市化和不受控制的污水排放导致水环境问题日渐凸显。本文在全面回顾坦噶尼喀湖、维多利亚湖、马拉维湖水环境研究成果的同时，对坦噶尼喀湖北部湖区及入湖河流实地调查数据进行了分析，结果表明：1) 区域水体呈现pH值和溶解氧偏高的基本特征；2) 城市河流受生活污染严重；3) 湖泊水体水质优良。并指出大湖区水环境监测管理存在如下问题：跨界湖泊水质联网监测困难、水环境监测人员和技术力量极其薄弱、监测管理机构和机制有待完善。建议将国内流域水环境监测技术引入当地，协助建立水环境监测预警和管理体系，促进绿色丝绸之路发展。

Abstract: With one quarter of the world’s freshwater reserves in the three great lakes of East Africa, the rapid growth of the population, urbanization and uncontrolled sewage discharge have caused water environmental problems to become increasingly prominent. In this paper, while thoroughly reviewing the previous research of the water environment of Lake Tanganyika, Lake Victoria, and Malawi/Nyanza, the basic characteristics of the regional water quality were analyzed and summarized based on the monitoring data of the northern district of Lake Tanganyika and the rivers entering the lake: first, the pH and dissolved oxygen of the water body are high; second, the urban rivers are seriously contaminated by domestic waste water discharge; third, the water quality of the lake is good. It also pointed out that water environment monitoring and management has the following problems: lack of networked water quality monitoring in cross-boundary lakes, weak monitoring capabilities in terms of personnel and technology, and need for the monitoring and management institutions and mechanisms to be improved. It is proposed to introduce the river basin water environment monitoring technology in China to the great lakes region to help establish a water environment monitoring, early warning and management system and promote the development of the Green Silk Road.