天道观念与礼法政制——孔子政制思想的演绎逻辑与困境

The Motion of Naturalism and Political System of Ethic—Deductive Logic and Dilemma in the Confucius’s Political Thought

摘要: 孔子的政制思想包含了两大核心体系，即作为核心价值的天道观念和在此基础上演绎而生的礼法政制思想。对上三代政制的推崇使他在很大程度上沿袭了殷商政制的天道观念，而对现实政治的实践和探索又使得他不断试图构建出新的礼法政制，以达成自己“复礼”的政治目标。在政治实践上，孔子将传统的天道观念泛化甚至虚无化，通过增添礼法政制的权变性来适应新的时代，但最终却以失败告终。在理论建构上，他提出了一系列礼法政制主张，却没能实现对自己政制哲学的成功改造，泛化政制哲学的结果是使其政制思想体系缺乏稳定性，成为他政制思想的最大困境。孔子对自己礼法政制思想的修正尝试，却导致其天道哲学观念的分裂，最终导致他的政制思想在传承过程中逐渐分崩离析，为后来儒学分家埋下了伏笔。

Abstract: There are two essential systems in Confucius political thought: the motion of naturalism, which is the essential value of his theory, and the political system of ethic, deduced from the former. Confucius’s theory holds the motion of naturalism, which was spread by the government systems of the three ancient Chinese dynasties—Hsia, Shang and Chou, which were adored by him. With the research and practice of the politics, he had made effort to rebuild the political system of ethic, which reflected his political goal that rebuilt the social ethic system of the three ancient Chinese dynasties. On political practice, he had broadened the motion of naturalism, even made it to be nihilistic. Though he had enhanced the adoption of the political system of ethic to the new age, his effort had been exemplified as a failure. In the construction of the theory, he issued a series of measures to rebuild his political system of ethic, however, his reformation of his theory’s philosophy failed. His effort led to the flexible of his political system, which was the most shortage of his theory. Revision of his political system of ethic, which owed to the division of his naturalism, caused the fission of the Confucianism in the inherit.