保水型缓释玉米专用肥料研制及施肥效应研究

Study on Development and Fertilization Effect of Special Fertilizer of Water-Retaining Type Solow-Release Corn

摘要: 目的：设计春玉米保水型缓释玉米专用肥料研发，研究不同缓释肥用量水平下玉米的综合农艺性状、施肥料效率和经济效益，为玉米生产提供科学合理的施肥依据。方法：研讨确定保水型缓释玉米专用肥料的工艺配方，有机肥包裹无机肥、添加缓释剂和保水剂等材料，对辊造粒机制造缓释肥料；以氮素养分为指标，用25℃水溶液溶出率法测定氮素累计释放率；用肥料氮、磷、钾养分测定标准检测养分含量。采用田间小区试验，以玉米新品种“金凯8号”为材料，设5个处理，分别为：缓释专用肥0 kg/hm² (对照，CK)、缓释专用肥900 kg/hm² (ZF1)、缓释专用肥1200 kg/hm² (ZF2)和缓释专用肥1500 kg/hm² (ZF3)、不施肥(CK)、最佳施肥参数组合(OPT)即(N 270 kg/hm² + P2O5 120 kg/hm² + K2O 45 kg/hm²)，研究缓释肥不同施肥处理对玉米产量及其构成因素、肥料利用效率及经济效益的影响；研究不同粒径缓释肥料对玉米施肥效应的影响。结果：研发出了保水型缓释玉米专用肥料，经肥料缓释性和养分测定符合相关标准；缓释肥大粒径颗粒肥料相对于小粒径增产10.3%。总结提出了该区合理的施肥量范围为900.0~1355.0 kg/hm²，最高产量施肥量为1355.0 kg/hm²，与OPT处理的氮素和总养分量分别减量11.7%和19.0%，即缓释肥用量900.0 kg/hm²时，玉米产量、氮素农学利用率、农学效率、肥料偏生产力及施肥效益，分别提高了−0.7%、3.8%、1.5kg/kg、8.4 kg/kg和85.7元/hm²。结论：研发出保水型缓释玉米专用肥料，选择出适宜的肥料粒径为4~6 mm；综合产量、生长、养分利用效率和施肥效益等方面考虑，缓释肥用量900.0 kg/hm²是该地区玉米合理施肥、区域农业面源污染防控和简化栽培的最佳经济用量。

Abstract: Objective: For exploring the product development of the fertilizer with the properties of water retention’s and nutrients’ slow release for maize, and investigating the agronomic characters, fertilizer efficiency and economic benefit under different slow release fertilizer addition levels, what’s more, supplying the scientific and reasonable theoretical basis for maize cultivation. Method: The study was carried out to determine product formula of the slow release fertilizer by the roller granulator, and production formula included the following materials: organic fertilizer parcel inorganic fertilizer, slow release agent and water-retaining agent. Nitrogen literacy is divided into indicators with 25˚C aqueous dissolution rate method determination of nitrogen accumulated release rate. Nutrient content was determined by the standard of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium in fertilizers. The experiment was laid out in a maize (cv. Jinkai8) field. The field experiment was consisted of different fertilization practices; experimental work included the following treatments: CK (0 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻²), ZF1 (900 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻²), ZF2 (1200 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻²), ZF3 (1500 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻²), OPT (N 270 kg∙hm⁻² + P2O5 120 kg∙hm⁻² + K2O 45 kg∙hm⁻². This study was aimed to determine the effects of different fertilization practices on the agronomic characters, fertilizer efficiency and economic benefit, and the effect of different slow release fertilizer size classes on maize fertilization. Result: The fertilizer with the properties of water retention’s and nutrients’ slow release was produced and conformed to relevant standards. The grain yield under larger size particle fertilizer addition was 10.3% higher than that of smaller size particle fertilizer addition. The fertilizer application amount for maize in this region was obtained, the range is 900.0~1355.0 kg∙hm⁻², and 1355.0 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻² addition exhibited the highest grain yield. The grain yield of maize, nitrogen use efficiency, agronomic efficiency, fertilizer partial productivity and fertilization were increased by −0.7%, 3.8%, 1.5 kg∙kg⁻¹, 8.4 kg∙kg⁻¹ and 85.7 RMB∙hm⁻² under 900 kg slow release fertilizer∙hm⁻² addition, respectively. Conclusion: The special fertilizer with the properties of water retention’s and nutrients’ slow release for maize was obtained, and the appropriate size class was 4~6 mm. In consideration of the yield, growth, nutrient utilization efficiency, fertilization benefits, etc., the fertilizer application level of 900.0 kg∙hm⁻² was the optimal level in this region which can provide reasonable fertilization for maize, prevent and control regional agricultural non-point source pollution and simplify the cultivation procedure.