古河流地貌与侯家窑–禾尧庄遗址区古人类生存环境抉择

Ancient Fluvial Landform and the Survival Choice of Ancient Humans at Houjiayao-Heyaozhuang Sites Area

摘要: 侯家窑遗址和禾尧庄遗址是泥河湾盆地侯家窑–禾尧庄遗址区两个最重要的旧石器时期古人类文化遗址。迄今，诸如古人类缘何选择侯家窑–禾尧庄遗址区作为其生活区域、两遗址是何关系、遗址的古文化遗存所反映的古人类活动习性如何等问题仍存较大争议。本文基于野外地质地貌调查和古地形高程测量等工作，系统研究了遗址区的古河流地貌特征，试图从地貌学角度对上述问题有所阐释。结果表明：1) 禾尧庄和侯家窑两个古人类遗址均埋藏于中更新世晚期~晚更新世初期发育的古河流沉积层中，它们同属于旧石器中期遗址；活动于其间的古人类极有可能是同一族群。2) 在冰期气候寒冷、食物短缺的严酷背景下，遗址区古河流能够为古人类提供生存所依的物质基础，而遗址区独特的地貌环境又为古人类营造了抵御风寒的天然屏障。这些无可比拟的优势是古人类选择侯家窑–禾尧庄遗址区生存的根本原因。3) 生存于遗址区的侯家窑–禾尧庄古人类已具备了选择有利地貌条件狩猎的能力，禾尧庄遗址和侯家窑遗址是古人类选择用以狩猎的场地。

Abstract: The Houjiayao Site and Heyaozhuang Site are two of the most important Middle Paleolithic ancient humans culture sites in the Houjiayao-Heyaozhuang Sites Area, Nihewan Basin. Until today, the questions such as why the ancient humans chose to live in the Houjiayao-Heyaozhuang Sites Area, what is the relationship between the two Sites, and what are the characteristics of ancient human activity reflected in the ancient cultural relics, still remain controversial. In this article, the geo-morphic features at the special position of ancient rivers where the two sites were buried are sys-tematically investigated, and the above-mentioned questions are attempted to be explained from the geomorphic aspect on the basis of field geological and geomorphic investigations, elevation surveys of paleotopography, etc. The results show that, 1) The Sites of ancient humans in Heyaoz-huang and Houjiayao were both buried in ancient river sediments that was formed since the Late Middle Pleistocene to Early Late Pleistocene, and are both under the category of Middle-Paleolithic sites; the ancient humans who used to be active in both Sites probably belong to the same group. 2) Under the harsh conditions of cold weather and food shortage during the glacial period, the ancient humans survived thanks to sufficient resources provided by the ancient fluvial in the ruins area; in addition, the geomorphic environment in the Sites Area also provided the ancient humans with natural barriers against ice storms. These advantages were the reasons why the ancient humans chose to settle in the Sites Area of Houjiayao-Heyaozhuang. 3) The ancient humans lived in the Sites Area of Houjiayao-Heyaozhuang already possessed the ability to select favorable geomorphic environment for hunting, while the locations of Houjiayao Site and Heyaozhuang Site were both the ancient humans’ hunting grounds.