自闭症者对音乐和言语情绪的加工
The Processing of Music and Speech Emotion in Individuals with Autism
DOI: 10.12677/AP.2018.89146, PDF,    科研立项经费支持
作者: 杨 振：上海师范大学音乐学院，上海；杜 梦：上海师范大学教育学院，上海
关键词: 自闭症；音乐情绪；言语情绪；情绪知觉；情绪反应；Autism； Music Emotion； Speech Emotion； Emotion Perception； Emotion Response
摘要: 自闭症是以社会交往和沟通障碍、重复刻板行为以及狭窄兴趣为主要症状的一种神经发育障碍，其核心障碍是情绪交流障碍。本研究探究自闭症者的音乐与言语情绪加工。研究结果表明，在音乐情绪加工方面，自闭症者不仅对音乐基本情绪和复合情绪的知觉是正常的，他们对音乐情绪的主观体验和生理反应也是正常的。然而，在言语情绪加工方面，自闭症者不仅对言语复合情绪的识别具有障碍，而且对言语基本情绪的表达也具有障碍。本研究结果不仅可以推进音乐与言语的对比研究，而且也为自闭症者言语情绪加工障碍的治疗提供借鉴。
Abstract: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impairment in social communication and social interaction, and restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior, interests, or activities. Emotion communication disorder is considered a core deficit in ASD. It has been reported that individuals with autism show normal perception of basic and complex emotions in music, and subjective experience and physiological responses to music. However, they perform worse than neurotypical individuals in recognizing complex emotions in speech, as well as in expressing basic emotions in speech. The present study not only helps us to understand the relationship between music and speech, but also provides some implications for the treatment of speech emotion communication disorder in autistics.
文章引用：杨振, 杜梦 (2018). 自闭症者对音乐和言语情绪的加工. 心理学进展, 8(9), 1242-1251. https://doi.org/10.12677/AP.2018.89146

参考文献

[1] 陈怡如, 刘惠美(2010). 高功能自闭症儿童情绪语调的表达. 特殊教育研究学刊, 35(2), 55-79.
[2] 万璇, 董世华, 蒋存梅(2014). 自闭症者对音乐和言语音高的加工. 心理科学, 37(1), 217-224.
[3] Allen, R., Davis, R., & Hill, E. (2013). The Effects of Autism and Alexithymia on Physiological and Verbal Responsiveness to Music. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43, 432-444.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[4] Allen, R., Hill, E., & Heaton, P. (2009). “Hath Charms to Soothe …”: An Exploratory Study of How High-Functioning Adults with ASD Experience Music. Autism, 13, 21-41.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[5] American Psychiatric Association (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Washington DC: American Psychiatric Association.[CrossRef] 
[6] Bagby, R. M., Parker, J. D. A., & Taylor, G. J. (1994). The twenty-item Toronto Alexithymia Scale—I. Item Selection and Cross-Validation of the Factor Structure. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 38, 23-32.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[7] Berkovits, L., Eisenhower, A., & Blacher, J. (2017). Emotion Regulation in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47, 68-79.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[8] Berthoz, S., & Hill, E. L. (2005). The Validity of Using Self-Reports to Assess Emotion Regulation Abilities in Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. European Psychiatry, 20, 291-298.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[9] Bhatara, A., Quintin, E.-M., Fombonne, E., & Levitin, D. J. (2013). Early Sensitivity to Sound and Musical Preferences and Enjoyment in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Psychomusicology: Music, Mind, and Brain, 23, 100-108.[CrossRef] 
[10] Bhatara, A., Quintin, E.-M., Levy, B., Bellugi, U., Fombonne, E., & Levitin, D. J. (2010). Perception of Emotion in Musical Performance in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism Research, 3, 214-225.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[11] Bruyn, L. D., Moelants, D., & Leman, M. (2012). An Embodied Approach to Testing Musical Empathy in Participants with an Autism Spectrum Disorder. Music and Medicine, 4, 28-36.[CrossRef] 
[12] Caria, A., Venuti, P., & de Falco, S. (2011). Functional and Dysfunctional Brain Circuits Underlying Emotional Processing of Music in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Cerebral Cortex, 21, 2838-2849.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[13] Chiew, J., & Kjelgaard, M. (2017). The Perception of Affective Prosody in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Typical Peers. Clinical Archives of Communication Disorders, 2, 128-141.[CrossRef] 
[14] Coutinho, E., & Dibben, N. (2013). Psychoacoustic Cues to Emotion in Speech Prosody and Music. Cognition and Emotion, 27, 658-684.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Diehl, J. J., & Paul, R. (2013). Acoustic and Perceptual Measurements of Prosody Production on the Profiling Elements of Prosodic Systems in Children by Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Applied Psycholinguistics, 34, 135-161.[CrossRef] 
[16] Doyle-Thomas, K., Goldberg, J., Szatmari, P., & Hall, G. (2013). Neurofunctional Underpinnings of Audiovisual Emotion Processing in Teens with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Frontiers in Psychiatry, 4, 48.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[17] Eigsti, I.-M., Schuh, J., Mencl, E., Schultz, R. T., & Paul, R. (2012). The Neural Underpinnings of Prosody in Autism. Child Neuropsychology, 18, 600-617.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[18] Fan, Y.-T., & Cheng, Y. (2014). Atypical Mismatch Negativity in Response to Emotional Voices in People with Autism Spectrum Conditions. PLoS ONE, 9, e102471.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[19] Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Bolte, S., Golan, O. et al. (2016). Basic and Complex Emotion Recognition in Children with Autism: Cross-Cultural Findings. Molecular Autism, 7, 52.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[20] Gaigg, S. (2012). The Interplay between Emotion and Cognition in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Developmental Theory. Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 6, 113-152.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[21] Gebauer, L., Skewes, J., Westphael, G., Heaton, P., & Vuust, P. (2014). Intact Brain Processing of Musical Emotions in Autism Spectrum Disorder, But More Cognitive Load and Arousal in Happy vs. Sad Music. Frontiers in Neuroscience, 8, 192.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Globerson, E., Amir, N., Kishon-Rabin, L., & Golan, O. (2015). Prosody Recognition in Adults with High-Functioning Autism Spectrum Disorders: From Psychoacoustics to Cognition. Autism Research, 8, 153-163.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Golan, O., Sinai-Gavrilov, Y., & Baron-Cohen, S. (2015). The Cambridge Mindreading Face-Voice Battery for Children (CAM-C): Complex Emotion Recognition in Children with and without Autism Spectrum Conditions. Molecular Autism, 6, 22.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[24] Grossman, R. B., Bemis, R. H., Plesa Skwerer, D., & Tager-Flusberg, H. (2010). Lexical and Affective Prosody in Children with High-Functioning Autism. Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research, 53, 778-793.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[25] Heaton, P., Allen, R., Williams, K., Cummins, O., & Happé, F. (2008). Do Social and Cognitive Deficits Curtail Musical Understanding? Evidence from Autism and Down Syndrome. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 26, 171-182.[CrossRef] 
[26] Heaton, P., Hermelin, B., & Pring, L. (1999). Can Children with Autistic Spectrum Disorders Perceive Affect in Music? An Experimental Investigation. Psychological Medicine, 29, 1405-1410.[CrossRef] 
[27] Heaton, P., Reichenbacher, L., Sauter, D., Allen, R., Scott, S., & Hill, E. (2012). Measuring the Effects of Alexithymia on Perception of Emotional Vocalizations in Autistic Spectrum Disorder and Typical Development. Psychological Medicine, 42, 2453-2459.[CrossRef] 
[28] Hesling, I., Dilharreguy, B., Peppe, S., Amirault, M., Bouvard, M., & Allard, M. (2010). The Integration of Prosodic Speech in High Functioning Autism: A Preliminary fMRI Study. PLoS ONE, 5, e11571.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Hobson, R. P. (1986). The Autistic Child’s Appraisal of Expressions of Emotion: A Further Study. The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 27, 671-680.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Hubbard, D. J., Faso, D. J., Assmann, P. F., & Sasson, N. J. (2017). Production and Perception of Emotional Prosody by Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism Research, 10, 1991-2001.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[31] Hubbard, K., & Trauner, D. A. (2007). Intonation and Emotion in Autistic Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 36, 159-173.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[32] Ilie, G., & Thompson, W. F. (2006). A Comparison of Acoustic Cues in Music and Speech for Three Dimensions of Affect. Music Perception, 23, 319-330.[CrossRef] 
[33] Ilie, G., & Thompson, W. F. (2011). Experiential and Cognitive Changes Following Seven Minutes Exposure to Music and Speech. Music Perception, 28, 247-264.[CrossRef] 
[34] Järvinen, A., Ng, R., Crivelli, D., Neumann, D., Arnold, A. J., Woo-VonHoogenstyn, N., Bellugi, U. et al. (2016). Social Functioning and Autonomic Nervous System Sensitivity across Vocal and Musical Emotion in Williams Syndrome and Autism Spectrum Disorder. Developmental Psychobiology, 58, 17-26.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[35] Jiang, J., Liu, F., Wan, X., & Jiang, C. (2015). Perception of Melodic Contour and Intonation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Evidence from Mandarin Speakers. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45, 2067-2075.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2003). Communication of Emotions in Vocal Expression and Music Performance: Different Channels, Same Code? Psychological Bulletin, 129, 770-814.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[37] Ketelaars, M. P., In’t Velt, A., Mol, A., Swaab, H., & van Rijn, S. (2016). Emotion Recognition and Alexithymia in High Functioning Females with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 21, 51-60.[CrossRef] 
[38] Khalfa, S., & Peretz, I. (2007). Atypical Emotional Judgments and Skin Conductance Responses to Music and Language in Autism. In L. B. Zhao (Ed.), Autism Research Advances (pp. 101-119). New York, NY: Nova Science Publishers.
[39] Kopec, J., Hillier, A., & Frye, A. (2014). The Valency of Music Has Different Effects on the Emotional Responses of Those with Autism Spectrum Disorders and a Comparison Group. Music Perception, 31, 436-443.[CrossRef] 
[40] Lerner, M. D., McPartland, J. C., & Morris, J. P. (2013). Multimodal Emotion Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders: An Event-Related Potential Study. Developmental Cognitive Neuroscience, 3, 11-21.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[41] Martzoukou, M., Papadopoulou, D., & Kosmidis, M.-H. J. J. o. P. R. (2017). The Comprehension of Syntactic and Affective Prosody by Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder without Accompanying Cognitive Deficits. Journal of Psycholinguistic Research, 46, 1573-1595.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[42] Matsuda, S., & Yamamoto, J. (2015). Intramodal and Cross-Modal Matching of Emotional Expression in Young Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 10, 109-115.[CrossRef] 
[43] Matsumoto, K., Sugiyama, T., Saito, C., Kato, S., Kuriyama, K., Kanemoto, K., & Nakamura, A. J. J. o. P. N. (2016). Behavioral Study on Emotional Voice Perception in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Pediatric Neuropsychology, 2, 108-118.[CrossRef] 
[44] Mazefsky, C. A., Conner, C. M., & Oswald, D. P. (2010). Association between Depression and Anxiety in High-Functioning Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders and Maternal Mood Symptoms. Autism Research, 3, 120-127.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[45] McCann, J., Peppe, S., Gibbon, F. E., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Prosody and Its Relationship to Language in School-Aged Children with High-Functioning Autism. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 42, 682-702.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[46] Milosavljevic, B., Carter Leno, V., Simonoff, E., Baird, G., Pickles, A., Jones, C. R. G., Happé, F. et al. (2016). Alexithymia in Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Its Relationship to Internalising Difficulties, Sensory Modulation and Social Cognition. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1354-1367.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[47] Ozonoff, S., Pennington, B. F., & Rogers, S. J. (1990). Are There Emotion Perception Deficits in Young Autistic Children? The Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 31, 343-361.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[48] Patel, A. D. (2008). Music, Language, and the Brain. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[49] Patel, A. D. (2012). Language, Music, and the Brain: A Resource-Sharing Framework. In P. Rebuschat, M. Rohrmeier, J. Hawkins, & I. Cross (Eds.), Language and Music as Cognitive Systems (pp. 204-223). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[50] Patel, A. D. (2013). Sharing and Nonsharing of Brain Resources for Language and Music. In M. A. Arbib (Ed.), Language, Music, and the Brain: A Mysterious Relationship (pp. 329-355). Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.[CrossRef] 
[51] Paul, R., Augustyn, A., Klin, A., & Volkmar, F. R. (2005). Perception and Production of Prosody by Speakers with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 35, 205-220.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[52] Peppé, S., & McCann, J. (2003). Assessing Intonation and Prosody in Children with Atypical Language Development: The PEPS-C Test and the Revised Version. Clinical Linguistics & Phonetics, 17, 345-354.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[53] Peppé, S., McCann, J., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2006). Assessing Prosodic and Pragmatic Ability in Children with High-Functioning Autism. Journal of Pragmatics, 38, 1776-1791.[CrossRef] 
[54] Peppé, S., McCann, J., Gibbon, F., O’Hare, A., & Rutherford, M. (2007). Receptive and Expressive Prosodic Ability in Children with High-Functioning Autism. Journal of Speech Language and Hearing Research, 50, 1015-1028.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[55] Philip, R. C. M., Whalley, H. C., Stanfield, A. C., Sprengelmeyer, R., Santos, I. M., Young, A. W., Hall, J. et al. (2010). Deficits in Facial, Body Movement and Vocal Emotional Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Psychological Medicine, 40, 1919-1929.[CrossRef] 
[56] Quintin, E.-M., Bhatara, A., Poissant, H., Fombonne, E., & Levitin, D. J. (2011). Emotion Perception in Music in High-Functioning Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 41, 1240-1255.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[57] Rosenblau, G., Kliemann, D., Dziobek, I., & Heekeren, H. R. (2017). Emotional Prosody Processing in Autism Spectrum Disorder. Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 12, 224-239.
[58] Russell, J. A. (1980). A Circumplex Model of Affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 1161-1178.[CrossRef] 
[59] Samson, A. C., Phillips, J. M., Parker, K. J., Shah, S., Gross, J. J., & Hardan, A. Y. (2014). Emotion Dysregulation and the Core Features of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 44, 1766-1772.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[60] Scambler, D. J., Hepburn, S., Rutherford, M. D., Wehner, E. A., & Rogers, S. J. (2007). Emotional Responsivity in Children with Autism, Children with Other Developmental Disabilities, and Children with Typical Development. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 37, 553-563.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[61] Schubert, E. (2013). Emotion Felt by the Listener and Expressed by the Music: A Literature Review and Theoretical Investigation. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 837.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[62] Snow, M. E., Hertzig, M. E., & Shapiro, T. (1987). Expression of Emotion in Young Autistic Children. Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 26, 836-838.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[63] Stanutz, S., Wapnick, J., & Burack, J. A. (2014). Pitch Discrimination and Melodic Memory in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Autism, 18, 137-147.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[64] Stephenson, K. G., Quintin, E. M., & South, M. (2016). Age-Related Differences in Response to Music-Evoked Emotion among Children and Adolescents with Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46, 1142-1151.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[65] Sun, X., Allison, C., Matthews, F. E., Zhang, Z., Auyeung, B., Baron-Cohen, S., & Brayne, C. (2015). Exploring the Underdiagnosis and Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Conditions in Beijing. Autism Research, 8, 250-260.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[66] Taylor, L. J., Maybery, M. T., Grayndler, L., & Whitehouse, A. J. O. (2015). Evidence for Shared Deficits in Identifying Emotions from Faces and from Voices in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Specific Language Impairment. International Journal of Language and Communication Disorders, 50, 452-466.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[67] Tillmann, B., & Bigand, E. (2015). Response: A Commentary on: “Neural Overlap in Processing Music and Speech”. Frontiers in Human Neuroscience, 9, 330.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[68] Van Lancker, D., Cornelius, C., & Kreiman, J. (1989). Recognition of Emotional-Prosodic Meanings in Speech by Autistic, Schizophrenic, and Normal Children. Developmental Neuropsychology, 5, 207-226.[CrossRef] 
[69] Whipple, C. M., Gfeller, K., Driscoll, V., Oleson, J., & McGregor, K. (2015). Do Communication Disorders Extend to Musical Messages? An Answer from Children with Hearing Loss or Autism Spectrum Disorders. Journal of Music Therapy, 52, 78-116.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
[70] Xu, G., Strathearn, L., Liu, B., & Bao, W. (2018). Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder among Us Children and Adolescents, 2014-2016. JAMA, 319,81-82.[CrossRef] [PubMed]